RESEARCH MAKING

PROCESS

Dr. Jesusa N. Padilla

 Introduction

 Definition of Research

 Research Proposal Format

 Concluding Statement
 INTRODUCTION
To do research, there are certain requirements,
namely: talent, attitude, time and money.
As a human activity, the research process can
be compared to cooking that requires certain key
elements. These are questions, resources, sampling,
data, measurement, analysis, evaluation and
communication.
 RESEARCH
The transport of The compilation of
knowledge knowledge from
from one book several books
to write- up into write-up

The generation of
new knowledge
RESEARCH
NEW
KNOWLEDGE

ADVANCEMENT OF
KNOWLEDGE
(Basic Research) ADVANCEMENT OF
TECHNOLOGY
(Applied Research)
 RESEARCH
New model, New method,
theory New product
or law researcher or technology

Dissemination Further Utilization

Development
CHARACTERISTICS
of Good Research

 Research is systematic.

 Research is controlled.

 Research is empirical.

 Research is analytical.

 Research is objective, unbiased and logical.

RESEARCH MATERIALS IMMEDIATE GOAL
 people
 new information /
things
SYSTEMATIC relationships
concepts EXAMINATION  expansion / correction
symbols
verification of existing
phenomena
knowledge
events

situations

RESEARCH
PROCESS

ULTIMATE GOAL IMMEDIATE GOAL

 new / revised/ alternative
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT theory of knowledge
GOOD LIFE  new / revised/ alternative

WITH OTHERS principle for art / profession

THE NEW RESEARCH PARADIGM

 THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1. GENERAL RESEARCH QUESTION

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND

SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTION

4. RESEARCH DESIGN

5. DATA COLLECTION

6. DATA ANALYSIS

7. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

8. CONCLUSIONS AND
FURTHER QUESTIONS
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
PROPOSAL

A proposal is a straight forward document

A proposal is clearly organized
A proposal is not a literary document
The purpose of a proposal is to
communicate
To reduce the major division of any proposal to outline form,
the following is offered:
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction – introduces the topic you have chosen to explore
Rationale of the Study
Historical Background of the Problem
The existence of an unsatisfactory condition, a felt problem that
needs a solution
A desire to have deeper and clearer understanding of a situation,
circumstances, or phenomenon
A desire to find a better way of doing something or of improving
a product / system
A desire to discover something
Geographical condition of the study locale
Presentation of the Problem
A link between the introduction and the statement of the problem
1.2 Statement of the Problem- refers to the problems which the research
proponents hope to solve
Specified what the researcher is trying to find out or discover
Clear
Adequate
Precise
Major Problem
Sub problems
1.3 Objectives of the Study- refers to the different activities to be under-
taken in the study
General Objective
Specific Objective

1.4 Significance of the Study- refers to the contributions of the study

Value to ____________ (mention the sector that will be benefiting
from this study)
Value to the researcher
Impact to the field of specialization
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study- Limitations of the study include
weaknesses of the study beyond
the control of the researcher
 Who
 What
 Where
 When
 Why
 How
 Sets the parameters that should be included and may specify
what are excluded
 CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Related Literature / Studies
 The materials must be as recent as possible
 Materials must as objective and unbiased as possible
 Materials must be relevant to the study
 Materials must not be too few but not too many

WAYS OF CITING RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

By Author or by Writer – in this method the ideas, facts, or
or principles although they have the same meaning, are
explained or discussed separately and cited in the footnote
with their respective authors
Example: According to Enriquez (1992), praise helps much in
learning. It has found out that the praise is an important aid
in the learning of children (Maglaque, 1998).
2.2 Conceptual Framework / Research Paradigm

 Research Paradigm
 Discussion of the paradigm
 Theoretical Framework justifies the rationale of the study
 Cites the theory / ies on which the study is premised in
order to establish the relationship among the variables
of the study
 Presentation of the paradigm to explain how the theory / ies
is/are going to be operationalized in the study
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Teacher’s Qualifications Effectiveness of Teaching
Methods and Strategies Small Business
Facilities (Man 413)
Research Paradigm (IV / DV)
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Faculty Information  System Design

 Faculty Teaching
 System Development
Electronic Faculty
Load and Room  Data Validation and
Schedule Inquiry
Assignment Tracking
 Subject Schedule

System Evaluation

Research Paradigm (IPO)

2.3 Hypothesis
- is a tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question
used at the beginning of the investigation

 Operational Form
 Null Form

Example:
Is there significant difference between the perceptions of
the teachers and those of the students concerning the different
aspects in teaching small business?
2.4 Definition of Terms

 Operational definition
Arrange the terms alphabetically
 Brief introduction for terms that are contextually or
operationally defined
 Minimum terms to be defined: 15 terms
 Spell out acronyms and abbreviations
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

- Describe the design used in the study. Justify why this design
is most appropriate for this study

FOR NON-TECHNICAL RESEARCHES

3.1 Method of Research Used

 Descriptive
 Historical
 Experimental
Aspects of the study in the use of
approaches
 Discuss only the employed method of research
 TYPES OF RESEARCH BASED ON METHOD

HISTORICAL DESCRIPTIVE EXPERIMENTAL

FIELD QUASI

CORRELATIONAL QUALITATIVE EX-POST FACTO QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION

CONTENT CASE STUDY ETHNOGRAPHY SURVEY SUMMATIVE FORMATIVE

LONGITUDINAL CROSS-SECTIONAL

COHORT STUDIES PANEL STUDIES TREND STUDIES

1. HISTORICAL - form of the subject matter is the past
- reported by an actual observer in an event and may come in
the form of document, remains or relics oral testimony
Example: Nature of treatment of guerillas during the World War (Former
guerillas who experienced the wrath of the enemies)
2. DESCRIPTIVE - to provide an accurate profile of group and to find information
to stimulate new explanations.
2.1 Qualitative Research
A. Case Study Research – It is an in depth investigation of a single person,
an event, an institution or a group.
Example: To find out the social and other factors which cause the patient’s disorders
B. Content Analysis – which analyzes the content of a document.
Example: Study focuses on analysis of legal documents in relation to education.
C. Ethnographic Research – known as cultural anthropology.
- explains on documenting or portraying the everyday experiences
of individuals by observing and interviewing them continuously
Example: Involving integration into the group.
2.2 Quantitative Research
A. Survey Research – links population and samples.
A.1 Cross-Sectional Survey - a survey that collects information from a sample
that has been drawn from a predetermined population.
Example: Survey on the population control practices of Filipino couples
A.2 Longitudinal Survey – collects information at different points in time in
order to study changes over time.
Trend Study – different samples from the same population are surveyed at
different points in time
Example: Growth of the GNP in the country

Cohort Study – where a specific population is followed over a period of time.

Example: Success of Graduates in their occupation over a ten-year period

Panel Study – survey the same individuals at different times during the course
of the survey
Example: Effectiveness of Education graduates in teaching (Select sample
from the list of graduates and survey the same individuals during the teaching
year or over a period of time)
2.3 Correlational – shows that a relationship exists between the
variables
Example: High school grade can be used to predict college
grades (a person who have high grades in high school
would most likely have high grades in college)
2.4 Ex-post Facto Research – cause and effect or causal
comparative research that attempts to determine the cause or
consequences between and among individuals
Example: Study on the effects of academic average on
earnings of graduates.
2.5 Evaluation Research – method which judges the worth, merit
or value of an existing program
A. Formative Evaluation– it is an on-going continuous
process evaluation
B. Summative Evaluation – this is conducted after
program is developed
3. EXPERIMENTAL – research conducted in a laboratory, the
researcher has complete control of the subjects and the situation
Example: Study on the effects of announced and
unannounced test on students’ achievement
3.1 Field Experimental – conducted in a natural environment
where the independent variable is amenable to some control
by the experimenter

3.2 Quasi Experimental – semi-experimental in which

complete experimental control is difficult
3.2 Sources of Data
 Primary Source such as persons, organized groups, school,
government, etc.
 Secondary source such as books, articles published in journals,
unpublished writer’s thesis and dissertations, etc.

3.3 Sampling Techniques

 Random
 Purposive
 Stratified
 Cluster
3.4 Data Gathering Procedure
Techniques, devices and paraphrases should be described.
In case of experiments, this section includes instructions to be given,
experimental manipulative and control features
 Clerical tools such as questionnaire method, interviews,
experimental method, etc.
 Mechanical devices such as microscope, cameras,
thermometers, etc.

3.5 Research Instruments

 Questionnaire
 Interview
 Observations
 Documents
 3.6 Validity of Instruments

 Pretest (dry run)

 By Expertise

3.7 Statistical Treatment of Data

Identify and describe the statistical tools used in the study
 Descriptive Statistics such as measures of central tendency
and variability, coefficient of correlation, etc.
 Inferential Statistics such as Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests
Presentation of
Research Data

Dr. Jesusa N. Padilla

 Technical Research
• Project Design
R This section explains in totality how the
E project will work. What are the component parts
and what each component does for the system, or
V project. It may include block diagrams, systems
I designs, etc.
E
W
• Project Development
As the term connotes, this section describes
how the project or research was developed and
undertaken. This could be presented by a
flowchart.
 • Operation and Testing Procedures
After developing the project, validation is
done whether it meets the requirements initially
R set. Testing and retesting are done. Here,
E problems are met and solutions are made until the
project is perfected.
V
I
• Evaluation Procedure
E The end-users evaluate the overall
W performance of the project. Evaluation instrument
and methodology must be clearly defined and
stated.
 CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

In this section, summarize the collected data and the

statistical treatment applied to them. The results should be
presented in a straightforward and unbiased way. The presentation
must be geared to the research questions and the research
hypotheses.

• Social Research
 Present only relevant data. Individual scores or
raw data should not be reported in the text. If
these need to be included at all, they should be
placed in the appendix.
 In reporting data, choose the medium that will
present them effectively. It will be helpful to
summarize the results and analyses through
tables or figures.
– Do not repeat the same data in several places, and do
not include tables with data that can be presented as
well in a few sentences in the text.
 The textual presentation should supplement or
expand the contents of tables and charts rather
that duplicate them. Do not expect the tables and
figures to do the entire communication for you.
 The analyses of data should be objective and
logical. Make a careful distinction between fact
and opinion. Facts, not opinion, should prevail.

 Note all relevant results, including those that run

counter to the hypotheses.
• Technical Research
Project Description
After development, this section
describes how the project works and its
features.

Project Structure
This part describes how the project
looks like, its features, dimensions and
specifications.
Project Capabilities and Limitations
– In this section, various components are
described as to what each component can do
and cannot do. It also describes what feature or
features make the project distinctly different
from other available products or systems.

Project Evaluation
 The results and findings of evaluation
undertaken should be described in this
section.
 CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

This last chapter of the report contains an

overview of the research.

 The summary chapter should not contain any

new information but should briefly
recapitulate the entire content of the paper.

 Broad generalizations not adequately

supported by data should be avoided.
• Summary of Findings

 The data are adequate, valid and reliable

 Data are analyzed carefully and correctly

treated statistically
 Data are interpreted correctly and adequately
• Conclusions
 Conclusions are based upon the findings
 Answer the specific and general problems

 Concise

 Clear

 Limited only to the subject of the study

• Recommendations
 Based upon the findings and conclusions
 Feasible, practical, attainable
 Action-oriented

 Limited only to the subject of the study but

recommend further research on the same
subject
• Any weaknesses in the research design, techniques, or
population that have come to light should be discussed
frankly, with particular attention given to the manner in
which these factors may have affected the outcomes of the
research.

 Mention practical implications that can be drawn from

the study.

 Recommendations, should center on the problem

investigated and hypotheses tested. In making
recommendations, the research proponent should
avoid making opinionated statements and
suggestions not supported by evidence.
• Recommendations may be made in terms of:

 what further research is suggested

by the study.
 what the findings suggest in terms of
policy/ action.
 what the results mean in terms of
existing knowledge.
HAPPY WRITING!