PRESENTED BY

S.MEENAKSHI
S.ANURUTHRA
Domain : Digital Image Processing

Software Package: MATLAB

Hidden detection
Image and video forensics
Image and video source identification
Forgery and fraud detection
Legal aspects
 Morphological
Image restoration
Processing

Segmentation

Image
Object
enhancement
Recognition

Representation
Image and
Acquisition Description
 Remote sensing via satellites and spacecraft
 Radar ,sonar
 Robotics
 Military Applications(Missile guidance and
detection)
 Bio medical-ECG,EEG,EMG analysis
 Scientific, Astronomy
 Industrial automation, Automatic inspection
system,non destructive testing
 Commercially available
 Simple programming
 Compatible with various platforms
 Predefined functions
 Image processing toolbox available
 Debugging is simple
 Objective
 Introduction
 Existing systems
 Proposed systems
 Block Diagram
 Output
 Advantages of proposed system
 Initial work
 Future work
 Applications
 Tools to be used
 References
 Automatic segmentation of fundus image
 The major goal is the extraction of optic disc
contour based on mathematical morphology along
with PCA.
 It is used to analysis the stages of OD from fundus
image
 Some Causes of visual impairment and blindness -
Diabetic Retinopathy, Hyper tension, Glaucoma
and Macular degeneration
 To prevent this problems early diagnosis is needed
 These diseases can be detected by Ophthalmologic
examination
 OD-Boundary Detectors
 Template Based methods(Edge detection, Circular
Hough Transform, Pyramidal Decomposition)
 Deformable Models
 Morphological Algorithms
PCA(Principal Component Analysis)
 Different structure of retina such as vessels and
OD-Accurate detection of OD
 In-Painting-Restoration such as
removing/Replacing of selected objects which
carryout the segmentation process make easy.
 Stochastic Watershed Transformation-
Maximize the boundary separation between
objects.
Paper1: Automatic detection of cup to disc ratio
based on line profile Analysis in retinal images
Merits:
 Early detection of glaucoma (Permanent
blindness).
 Cup to Disc ratio-Vertical profile on optic disc.
 Edge detection-Canny edge detection.
 Cup Area-Zero Crossing method.
Disadvantages:
 Not Error-free
 Useful only in glaucoma examinations
Paper2:Stochastic watershed segmentation
Merits:
 The aim is to segment complex images into a few
regions.
 Three variants of the random germs framework are
used.
 The last algorithm is more complex but it yields
the best results.
 The aim is to introduce a watershed-based
probabilistic framework to detect the contours
which are robust with respect to variations in the
segmentation conditions.
Paper2:Stochastic watershed segmentation
Demerits
 Improvement in segmentation is less important for
images presenting specific objects on a
homogenous background
 It is used to determine by deterministic methods
the type of each contour present in an image.
Paper3:A Contribution of Image Processing to the
Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy—Detection of Exudates
in Color Fundus Images of the Human Retina
 Framework of computer assisted diagnosis of diabetic
retinopathy
 Exudates within macular region detection with a high
sensitivity
 Robustness and accuracy in comparison to human
graders
Demerits:
 The detection of the optic disc is indispensable.
 Paper4:Fast detection of the optic disc and fovea in
color fundus photographs
 A fully automated, fast method to detect the fovea
and the optic disc in digital color photographs of
the retina
 Regressor is utilized to predict the distance in
pixels in the image to the object
Demerits:
 Locating structures in retinal image as regression
problem.
 Gross abnormalities are required.
Paper5:Automatic Segmentation and Measurement of
Pleural Effusions on CT
 Automatic Segmentation Method
 Anisotropic diffusion filter is used to reduce noise
 A mathematical morphology technique is then
used to fill holes and close gaps.
Disadvantage:
 The program is fully automated and very less
efficient
 RGB
Image OD Segmentation
Preprocessing (Inpainting, Stochastic
(PCA, Image Watershed, Region
Enhancement) Discrimination)

Post Processing
(Circular
Approximation)

OD Contour
 Fully Automation Process
 Does not require specialist intervention
 By using PCA system speed increases so time is
getting reduced
 It requires better accuracy
 Primary care is facilitated
 Cup to disc ratio segmentation method-Not Error
free and useful only in glaucoma based iris
problems.
 Noise reduction using quantization Method-Slow
and complex.
 A noise reduction method of Fresnel computer-
generated hologram (CGH) using wavelet
transform and smooth filter- Complex process
because of wavelet is the iteration process.
 The optic cup will also be detected with the goal of
measuring the cup-to-disc (C/D) ratio.
 Optic disc is located to diabetics patients at three
stages
 Automatic segmentation without manual
intervention.
 Noise has been reduced to get better error free
segmentation compare to existing work.
 Faster process than existing work.
This method is mainly used to diagnosis the
problem earlier in medical field
 SOFTWAREREQUIREMENTS:
MATLAB 7.6.0(R2008a)

 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
PC,Pentium 4 processor,1GB RAM,CPU
3.06 GHZ
 1. T. Walter, J. C. Klein, P. Massin, and A. Erginay, “A
contribution of image processing to the diagnosis of
diabetic retinopathy-detection of exudates in color
fundus images of the human retina,” IEEE Trans. Med.
Imag., vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1236–1243, Oct. 2002.
 2. J. Angulo and D. Jeulin, “Stochastic watershed
segmentation,” in Proc.8th Int. Symp. Math. Morphol.,
2007, pp. 265–279.
 3. M. Niemeijer, M. D. A. Moff, and B. van Ginneken,
“Fast detection of the optic disc and fovea in color
fundus photographs,” Med. Image Anal., vol. 13, no. 6,
pp. 859–870, 2009.
 4. M. Park, J. S. Jin, and S. Luo, “Locating the optic
disc in retinal images,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf.
Comput. Graph., Imag. Visualisat. , 2006, pp. 141–145.
 5. A. Aquino, M. E. Gegúndez-Arias, and D. Marín,
“Detecting the optic disc boundary in digital fundus
images using morphological, edge detection, and
feature extraction techniques,” IEEE Trans. Med.
Imag., vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 1860–1869, Nov. 2010.
 6. M. Lalonde, M. Beaulieu, and L. Gagnon, “Fast and
robust optic disc detection using pyramidal
decomposition and Hausdorff-based template
matching,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 20, no. 11,
pp.1193–1200, Nov. 2001.