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BOILER BURNERS

FUNCTIONING OF BURNER
Feature for efficient combustion of fuel are:

•Flame has to be suspended


•Combustion has to be stable
•Fuel must be finely atomized over reqd range of output
•Air supplied must be intimately mixed with fuel
•Speed of travel of air and fuel shud be same as that
of propagation of flame
•Air and fuel must enter the combustion zone at the same rate as of
combustion gases leaving the furnace
•Time available for the largest drop of fuel must be sufficient for the
combustion to complete before the droplet is cooled
to a temp less than Its ignition temp.
Draft types
•Forced draft
•Induced draft
•Balanced draft
Types of burners
•Simple pr jet
•Variable orifice pr jet
•Spinning cup atomizer(rotary cup)
•Steam assisted pr jets
Simple pr jet

The ratio of maximum to minimum oil throughput of


the burner is known as turn down ratio.
Continued….
Square root of the max pr of the fuel to the min pr of the fuel

Max pr = 70 bar ie 7000kN/m2


Min pr= 7 bar ie. 700kN/m2

Thus Turn down ratio is 3.5


Rotary cup
Steam assisted pr jet
Continued…
Oil pr ranging from 1.4 – 20 bar
Steam pr ranging from 1.4- 15 bar

Makes the turn down ratio highest as 20:1 for this type of burners
Burners control…

1. Pre-purge or post-purge
•3 times the vol of flew gas from burner to the chimney
•5 times the vol of furnace.
2. It shud be carried out for min 15 sec
3. No oil to be allowed to enter until the ignition device created
4. sufficient energy to ignite the fuel.
5. Safety device for the flame monitoring shud ensure safety times
Safety time= ??????
6. Auto re-igniting after burner failure needs manual re setting at the
control panel locally
7. During stop of burners there has to be two shut off devices if the fuel is pr
Only one shut of device is allowed if the burner pr oil is drained off.
8. It shud be equipped with a safety device which shuts off fuel if the burner is
swung or retracted from its place.
Refractory
The material in solid form which has the capability of withstanding its
shape at very high temp of about 1650 C

•Protects boiler casing from overheating and distortion and possible


resulting in leakages of gases.
•To reduce heat loss as well as allow cold face for operator
•To protect exposed parts of drum and headers
• act as heat reservoir
•Used also as baffles for directing gas flow
Properties of good refractory
•Good insulating properties
•With stand high temp
•Good mechanical properties
•With stand vibrations
•With stand cutting and abrasion action of gases and dirt
•Able to expand and contract without cracking
Types of refractory
1. Acid materials: clay, silica, quartz, sandstone etc
2. Neutral materials: chromite, graphite, plumbag, alumina
3. Alkaline or base material: lime, magnesia, zirconia.

Composites
•Fire bricks
•Monolithic
•Mouldable
•Plastic chrome ore
•Castable refractory
•Insulating material
Failure of refractory
•Spalling
•Sagging
•Shrinkage cracking

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