References

 Braja M Das, Shallow Foundations Bearing Capacity and settlements, CRC

Press, 1999
 Muni Budu, Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons,
2007, USA
 Bouwles, Foundation Analysis and design, 5th edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 1997
 R.F. Craig, Soil Mechanics, (English & terjemahan Prof.Dr.Ir Budi S Supandji)
 Cernica, J.N., Soil Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, 1995
Settlement
• Divided into 3 basic types
• Rigid block or uniform settlement
• Tilt or distortion
• Non uniform settlement
Settlement
Divided into 3 segments
• Immediate (elastic) settlement (time period of about 7 days)
• Primary consolidation settlement (3-10 years)
• Secondary consolidation settlement
Settlement
• Elastic settlement is caused by deformation of dry soil, as well as moist and
saturated soils, without any change in moisture content.

• Primary consolidation settlement is a time-dependent process that occurs

in clayey soils located below the groundwater table as a result of the
volume change in soil because of the expulsion of water that occupies the
void spaces.

• Secondary consolidation settlement follows the primary consolidation

process in saturated clayey soils and is a result of the plastic adjustment of
soil fabrics.
Load settlement curve

St = Se + Sc + Ss
Flexible and Rigid Foundations
When a flexible foundation on an elastic medium is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load, the contact pressure will be uniform,

If a fully rigid foundation is placed on the surface of elastic medium, the

settlement will remain the same at all points
Contact pressures and settlements for a flexible foundation: (a)elastic material; (b) granular soil.
Contact pressures and settlements for a rigid foundation: (a) elastic material; (b) granular soil.
Contact pressure distributions under an infinitely rigid foundation supported by a perfectly
elastic material.
Elastic Parameters
Trautmann and Kulhawy used the following relationship for Poisson’s ratio
(drained state):

where
φtc = friction angle from drained triaxial compression test

A number of correlations for the modulus of elasticity of sand with the field standard penetration resistance
N60 and cone penetration resistance qc have been made in the past.

Schmertmann proposed that

E s (kN/m2) = 766 N60

Immediate (elastic) settlement..(1)

Theory elasticity is used to determine the immediate/elastic

settlement
Immediate (elastic) settlement..(2)
• Gazetas et,al 1985 for homogenous soil proposed :
Immediate (elastic) settlement..(3)
• Gazetas et,al 1985 for recangular area of actual width Br and the thickness of the soil
layer should be at least 2 B proposed :

where
Immediate (elastic) settlement..(4)
Example : determine the immediate settlement of a rectangular footing 4m x 6m embedded in a deep deposit of a
homogenous clay as shown below

Solution :
1. Determine geometric parameter
2. Calculate the shape & embedment factors
3. Calculate the immediate settlement
Settlement in granular soil
• MEYERHOF’S METHOD (1965)

q = allowable pressure
CW =water table location
CD = depth of embedment
N60 = SPT number
Df = depth of foundation
Immediate (elastic) settlement..(5)
Skempton& Bjerrum (1957) the total settlement of footing in clay
Immediate(elastic)settlement..(6)
Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli (1966) for clay proposed

for μ = 1
Example
Due to the thickness of the clay layer relative to the size of the foundation, there will be significant lateral strain in the clay
and the Skempton–Bjerrum method is appropriate. The clay is divided into six sub layers for the calculation of
consolidation settlement.
(a) Immediate settlement:
H/B =30/35 = 0.86
D/B = 2/35 = 0.06
1976
Example
A foundation 4 x 2 m, carrying a uniform pressure of 150 kN/m2, is located at a
depth of 1m in a layer of clay 5m thick for which the value of Eu is 40MN/m2. The
layer is underlain by a second clay layer 8m thick for which the value of Eu is
75MN/m2. A hard stratum lies below the second layer. Determine the average
immediate settlement under the foundation.

Solution :
Now, D/B = 0.5, L/B = 2 and therefore from Figure μ0 = 0.94.

1. Considering the upper clay layer, with Eu = 40MN/m2:

H/B = 4/2 =2; L/B = 2; Hence μ1= 0.60
Primary consolidation
settlement
Primary consolidation settlement
Primary consolidation settlement
Primary consolidation settlement
 Determine the primary consolidation settlement under Fig. below using the Skempton-
Bjerrum method

Step 1 calculate applied stress increase at the center of each layer below the base footing
L/B = 1, Ho/B = 4/2=2; z/B=0.5 ---- Izp = 0.72

Step 2 determine μsb

Step 3 Calculate the primary consolidation settlement =

0.001x (0.72x100)x4x0.41 = 0.012m=12 mm

Calculate primery consolidation of the clay layer as drawn. Soil parameter of clay : OCR=2, Cc=0.17, Cr=0.02.
dimension of foundation is 2x2 m2

Solve
1. Determine initial effective stress : σ0 = 4x17 + (19-9.8)x 3/2 = 81.8 kPa
2. Determine increment of vertical effektif stress directly below of the center of foundation due to uniform load 320
kPa: Δ σ = 19 kPa
3. Determine final effectif stress = σ0 + Δ σ = 81.8 + 19 = 100.8 kPa
4. Determine pre-consolidation stress σc = OCR x σ0 = 2 x 81.8 = 163.6 kPa
5. Compare whether final vertcal stress greatre than or less than pre consolidation stress.... σfinal > σc ? No ...
6. Please use the formula formula .... Sc=...
7. Determine initial void ratio for saturated clay.
8. e0 = [(γw/ γsat)Gs-1]/[1- γw/ γsat]
9. Determine primery consolidation Sc= ..... mm.
Secondary consolidation settlement
Secondary consolidation settlement
Example
Assume that the primary consolidation settlement is completed in 3 years. Also let Ca = 0.006. Estimate the
secondary consolidation settlement at the
end of 10 years.
Determination settlement
using SPT and CPT
Determination of B.C and Settlement
SPT

where cN = correction factor ; σ’ 20 = effective overburden pressure

Settlement from Burland and Burbrige 1985

Determination of B.C and Settlement
SPT
Settlement from Burland and Burbrige 1985
Foundations on Sand—Correlation with Standard Penetration Resistance
Meyerhof’s Correlation

If corrections for the location of the groundwater table and depth of embedment are incorporated
into equations above, we obtain
A shallow foundation measuring 1.75 m × 1.75 m is to be constructed over a layer of sand. Given: Df = 1 m; N60 is
generally increasing with depth; N60 in the depth of stress influence = 10; q = 120 kN/m2. The sand is normally
consolidated. Estimate the elastic settlement of the foundation.

Solution:
 Determination of B.C and Settlement
CPT
• Shmertmann et all 1978 proposed

where
Schmertmann et al made the following recommendations for estimating the Es of sand from cone
penetration resistance, or

Es = 2.5 qc (for square and circular foundations)

E s = 3.5 qc (for strip foundations; L/B ≥10)

The modulus of elasticity of saturated clay soils (undrained) has been correlated with the undrained shear
strength cu.
D’Appolonia et al. compiled several field test results and concluded that
Foundation on granular soil
Settlement Calculation Based on Theory of Elasticity

Settlement profile for shallow flexible and rigid foundations

 Problem 1
A colomn carrying a load of 750 kN with a moment of 250 kNm about and axis parallel to the length in addition
to the vertical load is to be founded on a square footing at a depth of 2 m below the ground surface in a deep
clay stratum. What will be the size of the footing if FS =3. The soil parameters are sat = 18 kN/m3 and c = 55 kPa.
φ = 300 . The ground water table is the base of the footing, but expected to rise to the ground surface during
rainy seasons.

Problem 2.
A square foundation with dimension of 1.25 x 1.25 M2 laid down at a depth of 1.0 m from the
ground. Vertical load of 300 kN to work on the foundation. Given soil properties γ= 17 kN/m3;
γsat= 20 kN/m3; cohesion c= 40 kN/m2 and angle of friction φ = 200. Ground water table located
at a depth of 1 m from the ground.
a). Please do check whether the given dimension can support the existing vertical load , explain
your answer 50°
Nq
45°
b). If moment force of 30 kNm at the same time 40°
working with the existing vertical load of 300 kN 35°
N

please do check whether the foundation is still able 30° N = ………………

Nq = ………………
to work with dimensions of 1.25 x 1.25 m2. If it f
25°
N
Nc = ………………
doesn’t what solution to be done, explain your 20°
Meyerhof
Nq Nc
answer. 15°

10°
Hansen

5°

1 10 100 1000

N Nc Nq