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Classification
Application
Automobile Engine
Aircraft Engine
Locomotive Engine
Marine Engine
Stationary Engine
Engine Design
Reciprocating:
Single cylinder, Multi-cylinder In-line, V, radial,
opposed cylinder, Opposed Piston.
Rotatory:
Single motor, Multi motor
Operation Cycle
Atkinson (For complete expansion SI Engine)
Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
Miller (For Early/Late Inlet valve closing type SI
Engine)
Otto (For the Convectional SI Engine)
Working Cycle
Four stroke cycle
Two stroke cycle
Scavenging ; direct/crankcase/cross flow; back
flow/loop; Uni flow
Naturally aspirated or turbocharged
Design of valve
Poppet valve
Rotatory valve
Location of Valve / Port
T-head
L-head
F-head
L-head
Fuel
Convectional
Crude oil derivatives; Petrol, diesel
Other sources; coal, bio-mass, tar stands, shale
Alternative
Petroleum derived: CNG, LPG
Bio-mass derived: alcohols, vegetable oils, producer
gas, biogas and hydrogen
Blending
Bi-fuel and dual fuel
Mixture Preparation
Carburetion
Fuel injection
Ignition
Spark ignition
Compression Ignition
Stratification of Charge
Homogeneous Charge
Stratified charge
With carburetion
With fuel injection
Combustion Chamber
Design
Open chamber: Disc, wedge, hemispherical, bowl-in-
piston, bath tub.
Divided chamber:
(For CI) 1. Swirl chamber, 2. Pre-chamber
(for SI) 1. CVCC, 2. Other designs
Cooling System
Air-cooling system
Water-cooling system
ENGINE COMPONENTS
CYLINDER BLOCK
CYLINDER BLOCK
Cylinder is the main body of IC engine.
Cylinder is a part in which the intake of fuel,
compression of fuel and burning of fuel take place.
The main function of cylinder is to guide the piston.
At the upper end of cylinder, cylinder head and at
the bottom end crank case is bolted.
To handle all this pressure and temperature
generated by combustion of fuel, cylinder material
should have high compressive strength.
It is made by high grade cast iron
CYLINDER HEAD
CYLINDER HEAD
The top end of cylinder is closed by means of
removable cylinder head.
Each cylinder has two ports or valves, one inlet other
outlet.
The inlet valve, exhaust valve, spark plug, injector
etc. are bolted on the cylinder head.
Cylinder head is usually made by cast iron or
aluminium.
PISTON
PISTON
A cylindrical-shaped mass that reciprocate back and
forth in the cylinder transmitting force to the
crankshaft.
The top of the piston is called CROWN and the sides
are called SKIRT.
PISTON is made up of cast iron, steel or aluminium.
Aluminium piston are light . Used for light engine .
PISTON RINGS
PISTON RINGS
Metal ring that fixed into a circumferential grooves
around the piston.
Made up of highly polished chromed steel.
It make a seal between piston and cylinder walls.
It also used for lubrication purpose.
CONNECTING ROD
CONNECTING ROD
Rod connecting the piston with rotating crankshaft.
Usually made of STEEL or ALLOY FORGED but in
small engine it can be made of ALUMINUM.
CRANK SHAFT
CRANK SHAFT
Rotating shaft through which engine work output is
supplied to the system.
Mostly they made of forged steel or cast iron.
It is attached with the engine block by MAIN
BEARING.
Having crank weights attached with crankshaft
CRANK CASE
CRANK CASE
The part of the engine block surrounding the
rotating shaft.
The oil pan makes up part of the crank case housing.
VALVES
VALVES
Used to allow the flow into and out of the cylinder at
proper time in the cycle .
VALVES are made of forged steel.
Two stroke engine do not have valves they have
ports system (slot).
SPARK PLUG
SPARK PLUG
Electric device used to initiate combustion in SI
engine.
Made up of the metal surrounded by the ceramic
insulation.
Spark plugs only used in SI engine.
INJECTOR
INJECTOR
A pressurized nozzle which spray the fuel into the
incoming air on CI engine.
Injector directly spray at the combustion chamber.
It is placed at the centre of the combustion chamber.
CAM SHAFT
CAM SHAFT
Rotating shaft used to push open valves at proper
timing in engine cycle.
Can be control HYDRAULICALLY or
MECHANICALLY.
Modern engine have more then two cams.
WORKING
Two Stroke Engine
Four Stroke Engine
Live Engine
Two Stroke Engine
Four Stroke Engine
See Through Engine
Valve Timing Diagram
Port Timing Diagram
P-V Diagrams Two
stroke diesel engine
Two stroke petrol
engine
Four stroke diesel
engine
Four stroke petrol
engine
CARBURETOR
SOLEX CARBURETOR
1. Conventional float
2. Main jet
3. Choke tube or venturi
4. Emulsion tube
6.Aix-correctionjet
6. Spmyingorifioeorrnoulee
7. Conventional butterfly valve
8. Flat disc with holes of different sizes
9. Starter petrol jet
10. Jet
11. Starting passage
12. Starter lever
13. Pilot jet
14. Small pilot air bleed orifice
15. Idling volume control screw
16. Idle port
17. By-pass orifice
18. Pump injector
19. Pump lever
20. Pump jet
21. Pump inlet valve.
Geometric Parameters
Bore (D)
Diameter of the piston or the inside diameter of the
cylinder.
Stroke (L)
The distance between the TDC and BDC or the largest
the piston can travel in one direction.
Top dead center (TDC)
It is the position of the piston when it forms the
smallest volume in the cylinder.
Geometric Parameters
Bottom dead center (BDC)
It is the position of the piston when it forms the largest
volume in the cylinder.
Crank radius (a)
It is the distance above the center axis of the shaft
where the crank is connected to the piston via the
connecting rod.
Crank angle (θ)
It refers to the position on an engine’s crankshaft in
relation to the piston as it travels inside of the cylinder
wall.
Geometric Parameters
Compression Ratio (rk)
It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the cylinder
to the clearance volume.
Vs – Swept Volume
Vc – Clearance Volume
Geometric Parameters
Stroke Ratio (RDL)
The stroke ratio is define as the ratio of cylinder bore
diameter to piston stroke.
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