01 Design of Hydropower Components

DESIGN OF HYDRO POWER
COMPONENTS
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CONTENTS:
A. HYDROLOGY
B. DIVERSION ARRANGEMENTS
C. DAM
D. BARRAGE
E. SPILLWAY & ENERGY DISSIPATION ARRANGEMENT
F. INTAKE
G. DESILTING BASIN/CHAMBER
H. HEAD RACE TUNNEL/ CHANNEL
I. SURGE SHAFT
J. PENSTOCK
K. POWER HOUSE
L. TURBINES
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A. HYDROLOGY
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DESIGN FLOOD
A Flood is an unusually high stage in a river – normally the level at which the river overflows
its banks and inundates the adjoining area.
Design Flood - Flood adopted for design of Structure (Dam, Barrage, bridge etc.,) It may be
the PMF or the SPF or a flood corresponding to some desired frequency of occurrence
depending on the structure.
• Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) - The flood that may be expected from the most severe
combination of critical meteorological and hydrological condition that are reasonably
possible in the region and is computed by using the Probable Maximum Storm which is an
estimate of the physical upper limit to maximum precipitation for the basin.
• Standard Project Flood (SPF) -

It is the flood that may be expected from the most severe combination of hydrological and
meteorological factors that are considered reasonably characteristic of the region and is
computed by using the Standard Project Storm (SPS). Very rare storms which are ‘not
characteristic’ of the region concerned are excluded in arriving at the SPS rainfall for the
basin.
• Return Period Flood –

A flood with a return period of ‘T’ year (‘T’ year flood) is defined as a flood that is expected,
on average, to be equaled or exceeded on in ‘T’ years. Thus the probability of occurrence
of a flood equaling or exceeding the ‘T’ year flood is 1/T.
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GUIDELINES AS PER IS-11223, 1985
IDF FOR SAFETY OF DAM
Gross Capacity Static Head at Dam Classification Recommended IDF

(Mcum) FRL (m)
0.5 to 10 7.5 to 12 Small 100-Year Flood

10 to 60 12 to 30 Intermediate SPF
> 60 >30 Large PMF
Static head at FRL i.e. from FRL to the minimum tail water level
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APPROACHES FOR ESTIMATING DESIGN FLOOD
a) Empirical formulae & Envelope curves
b) Probabilistic approach using Frequency analysis
c) Deterministic approach using Unit Hydrograph analysis
A TYPICAL DESIGN FLOOD HYDROGRAPH
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GLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST FLOOD (GLOF)
A Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) is a type of outburst flood that occurs
when the dam containing a glacial lake fails. This flood is also added while
designing the capacity of Dam spillway.
Factors affecting the magnitude of GLOF at Dam site:

a) Size and type of Glacial Lake
b) Breach parameters of Glacial Lake
c) Location of Glacial Lake ( i.e. distance of Lake from Dam site)
d) Topography of River (physical characteristics of River)
Criterion for assessing the GLOF :
• No Indian/International code is available at present to assess/estimate the

GLOF on various diversion sites.
• The GLOF is being estimated based on the experience/empirical formula
developed by different agencies.
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B.
DIVERSION ARRANGEMENTS
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Coffer dam
• Coffer dams are temporary diversion A) Design flood: Generally designed
structure built across full or part width for a flood with frequency less
of the river to divert the flowing water than that for the design of main
away from the work area. structure.
• Safety of coffer dam against failures Judgement – Construction period &

depend on proper hydraulic and stage of construction is to be
structural designs. taken into account
– Hydraulic design: Hydrological It depends on the type of dam –

data (flood to handle), Bed Material and height
profiles, silting , scouring, velocity
etc For concrete dams and barrages:
Higher of the (1) Maximum non-
– Structural design: Overall stability monsoon flow observed at the
and safety of the coffer dam dam site OR
(2) 25 Years return period flow,
Correct estimation of the river calculated on the basis of non-
hydrology and other design data is monsoon yearly peaks
very important
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Design of Coffer dam IS 14815:2000
For embankment dams C) Effect of Earthquake: Being a
For small and Intermediate dams: temporary structures, earthquake
Usually a frequency of 5 to 20 factor need not be considered in
years flood is taken for capacity of the designs.
diversion works D) Seepage and Scouring - to be
controlled by grouting, sheet
For large dams: It is desirable that piling, diaphram, etc.
100 years flood should be Design criteria
adopted for diversion works (a) Masonry/Concrete coffer
dam
B) Effect of wind: While fixing top Gravity coffer dam should be
level of the coffer dam, adequate designed for the most adverse
freeboard shall be kept to avoid combination of the loads likely to
overtopping due to waves created occur.
by wind action. Stability requirement should be
fulfilled against overturning,
Height of waves depends upon wind sliding, stresses at foundation
velocity and fetch of reservoir. A and in the body of the dam should
free board of 1.5 times the wave be within permissible limit.
height is provided.
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U/S Coffer dam – Subansiri HEP
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Design criteria for Coffer Dams
(IS Code-10084 Part I&II)
• Earthen coffer dam
• The design analysis of earthfill coffer
dam shall be carried out similar to the
• Sufficient free board analysis of an earthfill dam. The factor
• Seepage control measures to avoid of safety under worst condition of
damages due to piping, sloughing to loading shall be greater than unity.
minimum.
• Slopes on U/s and D/s in dry condition • Free-board: The possible setttlement
shall be stable of the fill should be kept in view
• General guidelines for slopes : besides reservoir fetch and velocity of
• On U/S side On D/s side wind.
•
2.5 H:1V to 3H:1V 2H:1V to 2.5H:1V • Top width: Depends on stability and
practical requirements for movement
of heavy earth moving equipment.
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Coffer dams
• Rockfill coffer dam

• Design criteria:
• a) Sufficient freeboard
• b) No erosion from seepage due to subsurface flow: Impervious
central earth core or upstream impervious membrane formed of
• (i) earth
• (ii) wood
• (iii) bituminous concrete etc shall be provided
• c) Stable slopes (u/s and d/s)
• On U/S side On D/s side
• 1.5 H:1V to 1H:1V 1.25H:1V to 1.5H:1V
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Diversion channel (IS 10084 part I&II)
• Diversion channel: Generally used when diversion of flow through
tunnels or conduits is not possible.
– Single stage : For narrow valleys
– Multiple stage: For wide valleys – channels and coffer dams are shifted from
place to place in accordance with phasing of the work.
• Design considerations
• Diversion channels for Masonry / Concrete dams: It could be
allowed to get overtopped, so a flood just adequate to be handled is
chosen.
• While channel for earthen or rockfill dam should be designed for

larger flood as they cannot be allowed to be overtopped during
construction.
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Design considerations for Diversion Channel
• Velocity in the unlined channel should not be greater than 5 m/s
• For lined channel velocity may go up to 15 m/s
• Open cut or conduit: Sometimes low level outlets are provisioned to

pass a part of diversion flood to offset expensive diversion works for
higher river flood.
• It should preferably in the NOF block of dam close to the spillway

portion.
• The conduit would normally be a rectangular conduit with

height/width ratio of 1.5 to 2.0
• The permissible velocity in the conduit may be limited to 20 m/s.
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C.
DAM
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DAMS
Function
• Impounding Water
• Diverting Water
• Safely passing extra water into the river
Type
• Based on Load Transfer Mechanism
 Gravity
 Arch
• Based on Material Used

 Concrete
 Clay Core Rock-fill
 Zoned Earth-fill
 Homogeneous Earthfill
 Concrete faced Rock-fill

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF SITE FOR DAM /
DIVERSION STRUCTRE
Topography - Width of Valley
• Geology and foundation condition
• Geological characteristics
• Thickness of strata
• Inclination, permeability
• faults, fissures, shear zone etc.
• Construction material availability
• Spillway size and location
• Cost of protection work of spillway discharge
• Limitation of spillway discharge
• Limitation of outlet works
• Problems of diverting the river during construction
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EMBANKMENT DAM
These can be defined as dams constructed of natural materials excavated or obtained from
the vicinity of the dam site. The materials available are utilized to the best advantage in
relation to their characteristics as an engineered bulk fill defined zones within the dam
section. The natural fill materials are placed and compacted without the addition of any
binding agent. Two main types of embankment dams that are commonly constructed
include the following:
1. Earth-fill or earthen embankments –These may be classified as dams use

compacted soil for constructing the bulk of the dam volume. An earth fill dam is
constructed primarily of selected engineering soils compacted uniformly and
intensively in the relatively thin layers and at a controlled moisture content.
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EMBANKMENT DAM
2. Rock-fill embankments – In these types of dams, there is an impervious core of
compacted earth fill or a slender concrete or bituminous membrane but the bulk of
the dam volume is made of coarse grained gravels, crushed rocks or boulders.
Typical sections of rock fill dams are shown in Figure 3. The stability of the outer
shell of a rock fill dam relies on the frictional forces acting in between each rock
gravel piece which ensures its safety against sliding kind of failure during earth
quakes.
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EMBANKMENT DAM
Embankment dams are advantageous in the following major aspects:
• These are suitable for river valleys of any type: steep gorges or wide valleys
• Can adapt to a broad range of foundation conditions, ranging from good rock to even
permeable soil type of foundation
• Uses naturally available materials
• Relatively less costly
Embankment dams have following disadvantages:

• Greater susceptibility to damage than concrete dams due to the possibility of getting
washed away during an over topping of the spill way which may occur if there is a flash
flood in the river and the gates of the spill way are not operated in time or the spill way
itself is of inadequate capacity.
• Needs larger diversion arrangement during construction.
• Difficult to construct in high rainfall area
• Spillways cannot be accommodated in dam body
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EMBANKMENT DAM
Site investigation and data collection (IS 6955)
Preliminary Investigations;
• Exploration by test pits, trenches, drifts and shafts
• Exploration by geo physical methods
• Exploration by drilling using coring and non-coring methods or by other boring methods;
• Field penetration and field density tests in overburden
• Determination of the depth to water table and evaluation of field permeability; observation of
temperature, pressure and discharge of springs met at the surface or in exploratory borings, trenches,
etc;
• Laboratory tests on representative samples and undisturbed samples for the determination of
engineering and index properties of the overburden material/ bedrock.
Detailed Investigations;
engineering and index properties of the overburden material/ bedrock. Collection of hydrological and
meteorological data;
• Use of geophysical methods to define in greater detail the subsurface conditions, such as the depth to
bed rock or depth to water table in specific sections of the dam base. During this stage, use of bore
hole geophysical methods, such as electric logging, GPR, tomography, etc (as and when required) may be
found advantageous to define particular characteristics of over burden and bed rock;
• Defining of geo-hydrological characteristics of the foundations and its environments through pumping in
or pumping out tests as dictated by site conditions;
• Ascertaining the groutability of foundations through trial grouting of specified reaches
• Special field tests like blasting tests and field shear tests.
• Determination of Site specific seismic parameters and seismogenic sources.
• Test on construction material.
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EMBANKMENT DAM
Material Properties of foundation and Dam body to determined;
 Index properties such as bulk density, porosity, void ratio, Natural moisture content,
Relative density etc.
 Atterberg limits (Liquid Limit, Plastic Limits, Plasticity Index)
 Coefficient of volume compressibility, Coefficient of consolidation, Compression index
and swelling index
 Shear Strength Parameters along with variation of shear modulus with shear strain.
 Deformability Parameters (Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Deformation)
 Permeability and its variation with normal stress
 Dry density and Optimum moisture content along with 100% saturation line
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EMBANKMENT DAM
Design of Embankment Dams (IS 8826 for large dams, IS12196 for small dams)
Component of Earth Dam
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EMBANKMENT DAM
Component of Rockfill Dam
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EMBANKMENT DAM
Basic Design Requirement
 Safety against overtopping
Sufficient spillway and outlet capacity should be provided to prevent overtopping of earth
embankment during and after construction. The freeboard should be sufficient to prevent
overtopping by waves and should take into account the settlement of embankment and
foundation.
Analysis should be made for computing the settlement of the embankment and of the
foundations in order to determine extra freeboard to be provided as settlement
allowance. For unyielding foundation, the amount of settlement for the embankment
should be restricted to 1 percent of the height of dam. For compressible foundations, the
settlement should be computed based on laboratory test results and should be provided
for by increasing the height of dam correspondingly. Longitudinal camber should be
provided on the top of dam along the dam axis to provide for settlement. The camber
varies from zero height at the abutments to maximum at the central section in the valley
where maximum settlement is anticipated.
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EMBANKMENT DAM
 Stability Analysis (IS 7894)
The slopes of the embankment shall be stable under all loading conditions. They should
also be flat enough so as not to impose excessive stresses on foundation. Embankment
slopes shall be designed in accordance with the provisions contained in IS : 7894. The
upstream slope shall be protected against erosion by wave action and the crest and
downstream slope shall be protected against erosion due to wind and rain.
An earth dam shall be safe and stable during all phases of construction and operation of
the reservoir. Hence the analysis shall be done for the most critical combination of external
forces which are likely to occur in practice. The following conditions are usually critical for
the stability of an earth dam:
Analysis Case
Case I- Construction condition with or without partial pool (for upstream and downstream
slopes),
Case II- Reservoir partial pool ( for upstream slope ),
Case III - Sudden drawdown ( for upstream slope),
Case IV- Steady seepage ( for downstream slope ),
Case V- Steady seepage with sustained rainfall (for downstream slope; where annual
rainfall is 200 cm or more )
Case VI- Earthquake condition ( for upstream and downstream slopes ).
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EMBANKMENT DAM
Design of Embankment Dams
 Seepage Control ( IS 9429, 8414)
The seepage through the embankment and foundation should be such as to control piping,
erosion, sloughing and excessive loss of water. Seepage control measures are required to
control seepage through dam and seepage through foundation. Design for control of
seepage through dam shall be made in accordance with provisions contained in IS 9429
Design for control of seepage through foundation may be made in accordance with
provisions contained in IS : 8414.
Components for Seepage Control Through Dam Body

Impervious core,
Inclined/vertical filter with horizontal filter
Network of inner longitudinal drain and cross drains,
Horizontal filter,
Transition zones/transition filters,
Intermediate filters,
Rock toe
Toe drain.
Measured for Seepage Control Through Foundation

Cut-off Trench/ Positive Cut-off
Diaphragm Wall/ Cut-off Wall (Generally of Plastic Concrete)
Curtain Grouting (Generally in Rock Foundation)
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EMBANKMENT DAM
Other Design Requirement
 Control of cracking,
Cracking of impervious zone results into a failure of an earth dam by erosion, piping,
breaching, etc. Cracking in the core of earth or rock-fill dam occurs due to foundation
settlement and/or differential movements within the embankment.
Cracking is controlled by
• Use of plastic clay core and rolling the core material at slightly more than optimum
moisture content. In case of less plastic clay, 2 to 5 percent bentonite of 200 to 300
liquid limit may be mixed to increase the plasticity.
• Use of wider core to reduce the possibility of transverse or horizontal cracks extending
through it.
• Careful selection of fill materials to reduce the differential movement. To restrict the
rock-fill in lightly loaded outer casings and to use well graded materials in the inner
casings on either side of the core.
• Wide transition zones of properly graded filters of adequate width for handling
drainage, if cracks develop.
• Special treatment, such as preloading, pre-saturation, removal of weak material, etc,
to the foundation and abutment, if warranted.
• Delaying placement of core material in the crack region till most of the settlement
takes place.
• Arching the dam horizontally between steep abutments.
• Flattening the downstream slope to increase slope stability in the event of saturation
from crack leakage.
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• Cutting back of steep abutment slopes.
EMBANKMENT DAM
Other Design Requirement
 Stability in Earthquake Zones ,
Dams situated in earthquake zones are likely to be subjected to additional stresses and
deformation on account of earth acceleration. This needs a special treatment. Following
are the principal additional factors to be considered while designing an earth dam in
earthquake zones:
• The stability of the slopes of the embankment under the extra forces set up by the lateral
and vertical accelerations.
• The settlement of loose or poorly compacted fill or foundation material leading to loss of
freeboard and thereby possible overtopping.
• The cracking of the impervious fill leading to possible failure by piping.
• Liquefaction of deposits of loose sand in the foundation of the dam, causing cracking,
sliding or actual horizontal movement of the dam.
 Stability at Junctions
Junctions of earthwork with foundation, abutments, masonry structures like overflow and
non-overflow dams and outlets need special attention with reference to one or all of the
following criteria:
• Good bond between earthwork and foundation
• Adequate creep length at the contact plane
• Protection of earth dam slope against scouring action
• Easy movement of traffic.
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CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM
A gravity dam is one which depends entirely on it’s own mass for stability. The basic gravity
profile is triangular in shape, but for practical purposes, is modified at the top. Some gravity
dams are slightly curved in plan, with the curvature being towards the river upstream. It is
mostly given for providing longer spillway crest and accommodating the energy dissipation
arrangement within river, rather than having an arch action for providing greater stability.
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Concrete gravity dams are advantageous in the following major aspects:
• Less temporary diversion requirement
• Spillways can be accommodated in dam body
• Can be constructed in all climatic conditions
• Concrete gravity dams are not sensitive to over topping, unlike the embankment dams.
However, the water over topping the concrete dam may destroy the foundation down
stream due to the impact of the falling water.
• Suitable for all valley sections
Concrete gravity dams have following disadvantages:

• Relatively costly
• Needs competent rock foundation.
• Requires cement and fly-ash which is generally not available within short distance of site
• Is very rigid and have low allowable differential settlement capacity.
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• Topographical survey generally 1 in 10000 scale with 5 Contour Intervel
• Exploration by geo physical methods
• Exploration by surface geological mapping;
• Hydro meteorological data collection
• Information regarding upstream and downstream projects.
• Detailed Topographical survey generally in 1 in 1000 scale and 1-2 m CI.
• Exploration by drilling and drifting (1 drift in each bank for every 50 m dam height)
engineering and index properties of the overburden material/ bedrock.
• Use of geophysical methods to define in greater detail the subsurface conditions, such as the depth to
bed rock or depth to water table in specific sections of the dam base. During this stage, use of bore
hole geophysical methods, such as electric logging, GPR, tomography, etc (as and when required) may be
found advantageous to define particular characteristics of over burden and bed rock;
• Defining of geo-hydrological characteristics of the foundations and its environments through pumping in
or pumping out tests as dictated by site conditions;
• Ascertaining the groutability of foundations through trial grouting of specified reaches
• Insitu tests like field shear tests, plate load test.
• Determination of Site specific seismic parameters and seismogenic sources.
• Test on construction material.
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Material Properties of foundation and Dam body to determined;
 Index properties such as bulk density, porosity, Natural moisture content, Relative
density etc.
 Insitu Modulus of deformation and Elasticity through Plate Load Test.
 Insitu Shear Strength Parameters
 Laboratory Deformability Parameters (Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Deformation,
poissons ratio) and Shear Parameters
 Permeability of foundation
 Properties of aggregate such AAR, SDI, Crushing Value etc., Grading curve of
aggregate of natural quarries
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Design of Concrete Gravity Dams (IS 6512)
Fundamentally a gravity dam should satisfy the following criteria:
• It shall be safe against overturning at any horizontal position within the dam at the
contact with the foundation or within the foundation.
• It should be safe against sliding at any horizontal plane within the dam, at the contact
with the foundation or along any geological feature within the foundation.
• The section should be so proportional that the allowable stresses in both the concrete and
the foundation should not exceed.
Safety of the dam structure is to be checked against possible loadings, which may be
classified as primary, secondary or exceptional. The classification is made in terms of the
applicability and/or for the relative importance of the load.
• Primary loads are identified as universally applicable and of prime importance of the load.
• Secondary loads are generally discretionary and of lesser magnitude like sediment load or
thermal stresses due to mass concreting.
• Exceptional loads are designed on the basis of limited general applicability or having low
probability of occurrence like inertial loads associated with seismic activity.
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For consideration of stability of a concrete dam, the following assumptions are made:
• That the dam is composed of individual transverse vertical elements each of which carries its load to
the foundation without transfer of load from or to adjacent elements. However for convenience, the
stability analysis is commonly carried out for the whole block.
• That the vertical stress varies linearly from upstream face to the downstream face on any horizontal
section.
Load Cases
• Load combination A (construction condition): Dam completed but no water in reservoir or tailwater
• Load combination B (normal operating conditions): Full reservoir elevation, normal dry weather tail
water, normal uplift, ice and silt (if applicable)
• Load combination C: (Flood discharge condition) - Reservoir at maximum flood pool elevation ,all gates
open, tailwater at flood elevation, normal uplift, and silt (if applicable)
• Load combination D: Combination of A and earthquake
• Load combination E: Combination B, with earthquake but no ice
• Load combination F: Combination C, but with extreme uplift, assuming the drainage holes to be
Inoperative
• Load combination G: Combination E but with extreme uplift (drains inoperative)
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Loads
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Uplift Pressures
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Silt Pressures
• Horizontal silt and water pressure is determined as if silt and water have a horizontal unit
weight of 1360 kg/m³ .
• Vertical silt and water pressure is determined as if silt and water have a vertical unit weight
of 1925 kg/m³
Earthquake Loads
By Seismic Coefficient Method (for dams upto 100 m high)
αh = β I αo where,
αh = Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
αo = Basic Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
I = Importance factor of the structure (3.0 for dams)
β = Coefficient depending upon soil foundation system (1.0 for dams)
Ref: IS 1893-1984 & 2002
By Response Spectrum Method (For dams higher than 100 m)

α h = β I Fo Sa/g
where,
Fo = Seismic Zone factor for average acceleration spectra
Sa/g = Average Acceleration coefficient read from IS 1893 for appropriate natural period and
damping.
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INERTIA FORCE
Seismic coefficient method (For dams upto 100 m high)
Triangular distribution of acceleration is assumed
For inertia forces acceleration varies from 1.5 times the
design seismic coefficient at the top of the dam to zero
at the base
The design vertical seismic coefficient is taken as two-
third the design horizontal seismic coefficient.
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INERTIA FORCE
Response Spectrum method (For dams more than 100 m high)
In the Response Spectrum method, The horizontal force HB per unit length of the dam and its moment MB
about any point in the base of the dam is obtained by the following expressions: Where
HB=0.6Wah
MB=0.9Wĥah
W = Weight of the dam per unit length in KN/m
αh = Seismic coefficient as obtained by the appropriate equation, and
ĥ = Height of the centre of gravity of the dam above the base,
For locations other than base adjoining chart

may be used
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HYDRO DYNAMIC FORCE

Hydrodynamic pressure at a depth y below reservoir surface is given by, p = C s α h w h
Total horizontal shear and moment at depth y is given by

Vh = 0.726 p y
Mh = 0.299 p y²
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Stability Analysis
• Rotation and overturning
• Translation and sliding
• Overstress and material failure
Stability against overturning

Before a gravity dam can overturn physically, there may be other types of failures, such as
cracking of the upstream material due to tension, increase in uplift, crushing of the toe
material and sliding. However, the check against overturning is made to be sure that the total
stabilizing moments weigh out the de-stabilizing moments. The factor of safety against
overturning may be taken as 1.5. As such, a gravity dam is considered safe also from the point
of view of overturning if there is no tension on the upstream face.
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Design of Concrete Gravity Dams (IS
6512)
Stability against sliding
Many of the loads on the dam act horizontally,
like water pressure, horizontal earthquake forces,
etc. These forces have to be resisted by frictional
or shearing forces along horizontal or nearly-
horizontal seams in foundation. The stability of a
dam against sliding is evaluated by comparing
the minimum total available resistance along the
critical path of sliding (that is, along that plane
or combination of plans which mobilizes the least
resistance to sliding) to the total magnitude of
the forces tending to induce sliding.
Sliding resistance is also a function of the

cohesion inherent in the materials at their
contact and the angle of internal friction of the
material at the surface of sliding. The junction
plane between the dam and rock is rarely
smooth. In fact, special efforts are made during
construction to keep the interface as rough as
possible. There may, however be some lower
plane in the foundation where sliding is resisted
by friction alone especially if the rock is markedly
stratified and horizontally bedded.
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In the presence of a horizon with low shear resistance, for example, a thin clay seam or clay
infill in a discontinuity ,then it would be advisable to include downstream passive wedge
resistance P, as a further component of the total resistance to sliding which can be mobilized. In
this case, the Factor of Safety along sliding has to be found along plane B-B computing the net
shear force and net cohesive force along this plane. The net shear force would now be equal to:
Where W is the weight of the wedge; α is the

assumed angle of sliding failure, ΣΗ is the net
destabilizing horizontal moment; and φ is the
internal friction within the rock at plane B-B.
The net cohesive force along plane B-B is
determined as equal to C.AB-B. Here, C is the
cohesion of material and AB-B, the area, along
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plane B-B.
Design of Concrete Gravity Dams
Failure against overstressing
A dam may fail if any of its part is overstressed and hence the stresses in any part of the dam
must not exceed the allowable working stress of concrete. In order to ensure the safety of a
concrete gravity dam against this sort of failure, the strength of concrete shall be such that it is
more than the stresses anticipated in the structure by a safe margin. The maximum
compressive stresses occur at heel (mostly during reservoir empty condition) or at toe (at
reservoir full condition) and on planes normal to the face of the dam. The strength of concrete
and masonary varies with age, the kind of cement and other ingredients and their proportions
in the work can be determined only by experiment.
The calculation of the stresses in the body of a gravity dam follows from the basics of elastic
theory, which is applied in a two-dimensional vertical plane, and assuming the block of the
dam to be a cantilever in the vertical plane attached to the foundation. Although in such an
analysis, it is assumed that the vertical stresses on horizontal planes vary uniformly and
horizontal shear stresses vary parabolically, they are not strictly correct. Stress concentrations
develop near heel and toe, and modest tensile stresses may develop at heel.
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Normal Stress
On any horizontal plane, the vertical normal stress (σz) may be determined as
V 12Ve
z   3
y
B B
ΣV = Resultant vertical load above the plane considered
B = Base width of the dam block, that is, the length measured from heel to toe
e = Eccentricity of the resultant load
y = Distance from the neutral axis of the plane to the point where (σz) is being determined
At the heel, y = -B/2 and at toe, y = +B/2. Thus, at these points, the normal stresses are found
out as under:
V 6e V 6e
 z heel  (1  )  z toe  (1  )
B B B B
Net _ Moment
The eccentricity e is found out as
Net _ Vertical _ Force
There would be tension on the upstream face if the overturning moments under the reservoir
full condition increase such that e becomes greater than B/6. 49
Shear stresses on horizontal planes
Nearly equal and complimentary horizontal stress (τzy) and shear stresses (τyz) are developed at
any point as a result of the variation in vertical normal stress over a horizontal plane. The
following relation can be derived relating the stresses with the distance y measured from the
centroid 2 3H 3 2H
 zy   yz   yzD  [   yzU  2 yzD ] y  2 [  yzD   yzU ] y 2
B B B B
Where
τyzD = (σzD – pD) tanφD, the shear
stress at downstream face
τyzU = - (σzU – pU) tanφD, the
shear stress at upstream face
H = the height of the dam
The shear stress is seen to vary
parabolically from τyzU at the
upstream face up to τyzD at the
downstream face 50
Normal stresses on vertical planes
These stresses, σy can be determined by consideration of the equilibrium of the horizontal
shear forces operating above and below a hypothetical element within the dam. The difference
in shear forces is balanced by the normal stresses on vertical planes. Boundary values of σy at
upstream and downstream faces are given by the following relations
51
Principal stresses
These are the maximum and minimum stresses that may be developed at any point within the
dam. Usually, these are denoted as σ1 and σ3 respectively, and are oriented at a certain angle
to the reference horizontal or vertical lines. The magnitude of σ1 and σ3 may be determined
from the state of stress σz ,σy and τyz at any point by the following formula:
The maximum and minimum shear stress is obtained from the following formula
52
Principal stresses
The upstream and downstream faces are each planes of zero shear, and therefore, are planes
of principal stresses. The principal stresses at these faces are given by the following expressions
53
According to IS: 6512-1984, the following have to be followed for allowable compressive and
tensile stresses in concrete:
Compressive strength of concrete is determined by testing 150mm cubes. The strength of
concrete should satisfy early load and construction requirements and at the age of one year, it
should be four times the maximum computed stress in the dam or 14N/mm2, whichever is
more. The allowable working stress in any part of the structure shall also not exceed 7N/mm2.
No tensile stress is permitted on the upstream face of the dam for load combination B.
Nominal tensile stresses are permitted for other load combinations and their permissible
values should not exceed the values given in the following table
54
D.
BARRAGE
55
BARRAGES
Barrage is a Diversion structure, that raises the water level of the river slightly, not for
creating storage, but for allowing the water to get diverted through a canal or tunnel
situated at one or either of its banks. Since a diversion structure does not have enough
storage, it is called a run-of-the river scheme. The diverted water passed through the canal
may be used for irrigation, industry, domestic water needs or power generation.
Barrages are generally located on River Bed Material. They impound water by Gravity (i.e.
by self weight). However being relatively less rigid than concrete gravity dam they are
designed as reinforced concrete stuctures
Example: Tanakpur Barrage, TLDP-III Barrage, Ithai Barrage, Proposed Barrages in Tawang
HEP Stage-I & Stage-II
Following steps are involved in planning of Barrages

•Site investigation and data collection
•Location and alignment selection of the barrage axis
•Hydraulic designs
•Structural designs
•River training works associated with barrages
•Instrumentation
56
BARRAGES
Site investigation and data collection
In this respect, the Bureau of Indian Standards Code IS: 7720-1991 “Criteria for investigation,
planning and layout for barrages and weir” may be followed
• Study of available maps including remote sensing maps
• Regional and Site Geology
• Study of foundation strata
• Study of available run-off and flood flow data
• Study of existing project upstream and downstream of barrage
• Assessment of Water requirement
• Effect of proposed barrage on environment and ecology
• Limitations or constraints imposed by custom, water laws and rights or accepted policy;
• Availability of construction materials;
• Land for utility services
• Communication to the site of work.
• Detailed topographical survey
• Collection of hydrological and meteorological data;
• Sediment studies;
• Design discharge of major hydraulic structure upstream of the proposed site, if any; a
• Surface and subsurface investigation including laboratory tests for foundation engineering purposes;
• Detailed river morphology and ecological studies;
• Change in river regime due to construction of the barrage or weir
• Land acquisition and rehabilitation problem
• Diversion requirements and river training work
• Construction materials and borrow areas survey
• Communication system
57
• Site specific seismic parameters
BARRAGES
Location and alignment selection of the Barrage axis
The location for a barrage should be decided on considerations of suitability for the main structure and its
appurtenant works, like silt removing devices and intake for canals (also called canal head regulators). An
ideal location would be that which satisfies the requirements of all the three components. Some of the
points that have to be kept in mind in selecting an appropriate location for a barrage are as follows:
• Sometimes, a favourable location for fixing the site for a barrage and canal head-works may have to
be abandoned due to large quantities of rock excavation required.
• The river reach at the proposed location should be straight, as far as possible, so that velocities may
be uniform and the sectional area of the river fairly constant. The banks should preferably be high,
well defined and non-erodible. This will ensure a more or less straight flow to the barrage from the
upstream. If such a site is available, it may need very small or practically no guide bunds. In case of
high banks, the country side will not be submerged during high floods and a considerable saving in
the cost of flood protection embankment may be effected.
• For barrages to be located in alluvial river reaches with meandering tendencies, the nodal points
have to be ascertained. Nodal point is the portion of a meandering river which is more or less fixed in
space. A nodal point may be decided by superimposing the survey maps or corresponding satellite
imageries of the river for as many years as possible.
58
BARRAGES
Hydraulic Design (IS 6966)
• Design Flood (IS 11223)
 Required for estimating number and size of spillway
Required for estimating Afflux
Required for estimating maximum scour
Required for estimating water way
• Afflux
When a design flood or a higher discharge through the barrage structure, all the gates have to be opened.
Nevertheless, the structure would cause a rise in the water level on the upstream compared to level in the
downstream at the time of passage of a high flood (equal to or more than the design flood) with all the
gates open. This rise in water level on the upstream is called afflux. The amount of afflux will determine the
top levels of the guide bunds and marginal bunds, piers, flank walls etc. Naturally a smaller waterway would
result in larger afflux and vice versa. Hence, reduction in water way may cause in lowering the cost of the
barrage structure but may result in higher afflux and a resulting larger height of bunds and piers.
•Free Board
Free Board has to be provided so that there is no overtopping of the components like abutments, piers, flank
walls, guide bunds, afflux bunds etc. The Free Board to be provided depends on the importance of the
structure generally, 1.5 to 2 m Free Board above the affluxed water level on the upstream and above the
high flood level on the downstream is provided.
•Water Way
 In deep and confined rivers with stable banks, the overall waterway (between abutments
including thickness of piers) should be approximately equal to the actual width of the river at the
design flood.
 In alluvial meandering rivers Lacey’s formula shall be applied
Water way width = Looseness factor * 4.83*Q1/2 where Q is design discharge
59
BARRAGES
Silt Factor Looseness factor
Less than 1 1.2 to 1.0 Silt factor f  1.76 mr where mr = average particle size
1 to 1.5 1.0 to 0.6
• Scour
River scour (R) is likely to occur in erodible soils, such as clay, silt, sand and shingle. In non-cohesive
soils, the depth of scour may be calculated from the Lacey’s formula
1
Q
R  0.473( ) 3 When looseness factor more than 1
f
1
q2 3
R  1.35( ) When looseness factor less than 1; q= discharge intensity
f
• Cutoff
The upstream and downstream cutoffs should generally be provided to cater for scours up to 1 R and 1.25 R .
The concentration factor shall be taken into account in fixing depth of cutoffs. These should be suitably
extended into the banks on both sides up to at least twice their depth from top of the floors.
Sometimes the Cuttoff depth may have to be increased for reducing the exit gradient when the floor length is in
sufficient
60
BARRAGES
• Critical Exit Gradient

It is the exit gradient at the critical stage when the upward seepage force acting on soil at the exit
end of the structure is exactly balanced by the submerged weight of the soil. It may be expressed
mathematically as GEC = ( S – 1 ) ( 1 – n ) where S is the specific gravity of the soil and n is its
porosity.
61
BARRAGES
• Uplift
 Uplift forces due to the sub soil pressure that tends to lift up the barrage raft floor.
 Upward rising seepage forces through the river bed just down stream of the solid apron
causes sand particles to erupt upwards and tends to ‘piping’ failure of the foundation.
 Seepage forces would be the most dominating for gates closed condition, but would also exist
during some cases of full flow conditions.
 During the flow conditions, a part of the uplift forces due to seepage flow is negated by
hydraulic pressure of the water on the downstream. Under the closed gates condition, the
downstream water depth is rather small.
62
BARRAGES
• Uplift
 The pressure head differential between the upstream and downstream is expressed as a
percentage and denoted by Ф.
 Seepage paths increase due to the introduction of sheet piles, consequently reducing the
gradient of sub-surface pressure.
 Pressure at any location of a certain equipotential line is determined by
For detailed analysis refer CBIP Barrage Manual

63
BARRAGES
Under Sluices
A weir or barrage normally requires deep pockets of under sluices portions in front of the head regulator of off
taking canal and long divide walls to separate the remaining river bays portion from the under sluices portion.
The arrangement is aimed at keeping the approach channel to the canal head regulator comparatively clear of
the silt and to minimize the effect of main river current on the flow conditions in the regulator. Provision of
intermediate divide wall to produce favourable flow condition may be decided on the basis of model studies and
proposed operation of gates.
BARRAGES
Under Sluices
The width of the under sluice portion shall be determined on the basis of the following considerations:
 It should be capable of passing at least double the canal discharge to ensure good scouring capacity.
 It should be capable of passing about 10 to 20 percent of the maximum flood discharge at high floods.
 It should be wide enough to keep the approach velocities sufficiently lower than critical velocities to
ensure maximum settling of suspended silt load.
 In case of weirs, it should be capable of passing fair weather freshets and low monsoon floods for
obviating overtopping and/or operation of crest gates.
 Where silt excluders are provided, the width of the pocket should be determined by the velocity required
in the pocket to induce siltation. Where the width of barrage is appreciable, river sluices adjoining the
pockets can be provided to take care of low floods and freshets thereby economizing on the cost.
The section of the river sluice bay, wherever provided, will be similar to that of under-sluice bay without silt
excluder.
BARRAGES
Structural Design
• Overall Stability Analysis
 Loads Considered
o Self Weight
o Hydrostatic Load
o Uplift (Gate Closed)
o Seismic Load
CA  (V  U ) tan 
Factor of safety in sliding F .S 
H
C = Cohesion; A = Area of Foundation Plane Considered; V= Total Vertical Load; U = Uplift on Plane
considered; Horizontal Load
F.S = 3 for normal condition and F.S= 1.2 for extreme condition
• Structural Analysis (IS 11130)

o Dead Load
o Hydrostatic Load (Differential across Pier)
o Live Load
o Tractive Load
o Impact Load
o Seismic Load
o Hydrodynamic forces
66
BARRAGES
Structural Design
• Structural Analysis (IS 11130)
o Dead Load
o Hydrostatic Load (Differential across Pier)
o Live Load
o Tractive Load
o Impact Load
o Seismic Load
o Hydrodynamic forces
• Design of Cuttoff
 Design of Cutt-off shall be done as per moment and forces determine by analyzing it as sheet
pile
• Design of Impervious Floor
 As Gravity type where uplift is balanced by self weight.

The thickness of the floor adopted for construction shall be at least 10 percent more
than the thickness required to counteract the uplift pressure at that point under the
worst possible combination of loads in different including seismic conditions.
Where the floor is of plain concrete, suitable temperature reinforcement shall be

provided.
RCC type where uplift is balanced by weight of floor, piers and other superimposed loads.
67
BARRAGES
Structural Design
• RCC type where uplift is balanced by weight of floor, piers and other superimposed loads.
 Spans up to 6 m - The design of the raft may generally be done as per the theory of beams
on elastic foundation. The design will depend on the value of modulus of subgrade reaction (K),
span length, total length of raft, etc. However, for small spans up to 6 m, the floor shall be
designed as a continuous beam resting on a homogeneous foundation. The abutment, if
necessary, may be made independent by providing a joint in the raft with suitable water seals.
The raft shall be designed for the moments caused by the worst combination of the Uplift, soil
reaction, Moments transferred from abutments and piers and seismic forces.
 Spans above 6 m - The floor shall be designed as a finite beam resting on elastic foundation
and subjected to concentrated loads and moments at the pier and abutment points.
• Design of Piers
 In barrages and weirs constructed as a reinforced cement concrete structure, the piers are
constructed monolithic with the floor, of the diversion structure. However, the piers in the
gravity type of floor are generally constructed independent of the floor. Proper joint and
sealing arrangements between the gravity floor and the pier all around shall be provided.
 Thickness of Pier - The thickness of the pier shall be fixed from consideration of (i) forces and
moments transferred by the pier to the floor/foundation (ii) minimum thickness required at
the blockouts for the main gate, and stoplog grooves and (iii) the mass of the pier required
for counter-acting the uplift pressure. The thickness of the pier for reinforced cement
concrete structures generally varies from 1.5 to 2.5 m.
68
BARRAGES
Structural Design
• Design of Piers
 Length of Pier - In the case of a raft type floor of the diversion structure, the piers shall
generally be extended up to the full width of the raft to avoid cantilever action of the
raft at the ends. In the case of gravity type floor, the length of pier may however, be
restricted according to the minimum requirement from considerations of road rail bridges, hoist
bridge, space required for housing instruments, if any, main gate grooves, stoplog grooves,
space for storage of stoplogs, adequate length to prevent cross flows occurring which may
cause damages to the floor and beyond.
 Height of Pier- On the upstream side, the pier shall generally be constructed above the pond
level aflluxed HFL with adequate free board. The height shall also be fixed as per
requirement of the mass of the pier in counter- acting uplift pressure. The height of the
pier shall also be such that under fully raised position above the affluxed HFL/pond level,
about one metre of the gate still remains within the gate groove.
On the downstream side, the piers shall generally be constructed at least one metre above
the high flood level up to 1 to 2 m as found necessary beyond the end of the bridges
and instrumentation platform, if any and thereafter the height could be reduced according to
low flood levels on the downstream side. In the portions where road/rail bridges are
provided, the height of the piers shall be fixed such that the bearings of the bridges are
not hit by floating debris during high floods.
In the main gate portion, the height of the pier shall be fixed such that during high flood,
the bottom of the gate is at least one metre clear of the affluxed high flood level. In
earthquake regions, however, the top level of the pier could be restricted to the top level of
the abutments and steel trestles provided over the piers for housing the hoist bridges for
operation of the gates and stoplogs. This arrangement would reduce the loads and 69
moments due to inertia during earthquake.
E.
SPILLWAY AND ENERGY
DISSIPATION
ARRANGEMENTS
70
Spillway
To release surplus water

from the reservoir to
prevent any rise of water
level above a specified level
in the reservoir. It acts as a
safety valves for the dam
and adjoining areas.
Type of spillways
 Ogee shaped
 High overflow spillway
 Chute spillway
 Shaft spillway (Morning
glory spillway)
 Orifice spillway
 Side channel spillway
71
Spillways IS 10137:1982
72
 The shape of Ogee spillway closely conforms to the profile of the aerated
lower nappe. Most commonly used in gravity dams and it has high discharge
efficiency.
 In chute spillway, water is conveyed from reservoir to the river below the dam
through an excavated or built-up channel through a fairly steep slope. It can
be provided over any kind of foundation and most commonly used in earthen
and rockfill dam.
 In shaft spillway, water enters over a circular crest and drops through a vertical
flaring tunnel or sloping shaft and then flows downstream through a nearly
horizontal conduit or tunnel. This is also known as drop outlet or Morning
glory spillway. In a narrow canyon dam site it can be advantageously adopted.
 Orifice spillways are in use for the dams in the hilly regions where the spillway
has to serve the dual function of flood disposal and flushing of sediment
through the reservoir. It is the most common type of spillway generally used in
gravity dams.
73
Profile of downstream
quadrant of Ogee
shaped overflow
spillway IS 6934:2014
X1.85 = KHd0.85y
The magnitude of K depends

upon head and crest elevation
from river bed
74
Profile of downstream
quadrant of Orifice
spillway IS 6934:2014
X² = 4Hc Y
75
Discharge computation IS 6934:2014
• For Orifice spillway
• Adequacy of spillway is generally • For free flow conditions when Reservoir

validated by hydraulic model water level is such that no orifice action is
studies but for preliminary design gernerated
Q = (2/3)*√2g*Cd*L*he3/2
• For ungated ogee spillway
Q = (2/3)*(√2g)*C*L*H3/2 • For ungated flow conditions,
Q= Cd*n*A*√2g(hd-d/2)
Where, value of “C” varies between
0.611 to 0.75 • For ungated flow conditions,
The parameter (2/3)√2g*C called Cd Q= Cd*n*w*G0*√2g(hd-G0/2)
and varies from 1.80 to 2.21 • Where,
Q = discharge (m3/s)
Cd = coefficient of discharge
• Effective length of overflow crest n = No. of spans
• L = L’-2H(NKp + Ka) W = width of orifice/span (m)
• Where, Kp is pier coefficient A = area of orifice (m2)
• And Ka is abutment coefficient G0 = vertical opening from gate seat to
the lip of the gate (m)
d = Opening height of orifice
Minimum 10% Spillway capacity (Min 1 Spillway) is considered inoperative while
deciding discharging capacity for passing Design Flood. 76
Discharging capacity curve of an orifice spillway
77
78
Energy Dissipation Arrangements (IS 4997 & IS 7365:2010)
• Energy dissipators below hydraulic structures is vital for design and

constructions of dams and barrages.
• It is essentially required to reduce the high velocity flow to a velocity low
enough to minimize erosion of natural river bed.
• Type of energy dissipators according to head, discharge intensity, tail
water conditions and type of bed rock.
• Stilling basin : Energy gets dissipated by hydraulic jump phenomenon and
are generally provided when Tail water level approximately follows the
hydraulic jump curve (sequent depth). In stilling basin the kinetic energy
first causes turbulence and is ultimately lost as heat energy.
• Classification – Hydraulic jump type stilling basin with Horizontal apron
– Basin I if Froude number of the incoming flow is less than 4.5
– Basin II if Froude number of the incoming flow is more than 4.5
79
Design criteria IS 4997:1968
80
Length and design of other appurtenances of stilling basin
82
Selection of energy dissipators
83
Bucket type energy dissipators
• Bucket type dissipators
– Solid Roller bucket
– Slotted Roller bucket
– Trajectory /Flip bucket
• Roller bucket are generally preferred when tailwater depth is high (greater
than 1.1 times sequent depth preferabaly 1.2 times the sequent depth)
• River bed rock is sound
• Classification
• Solid roller bucket: A considerable portion of energy gets dissipated as a result
of formation of two complementary elliptical rollers, one in bucket proper,
called a surface roller, which is clockwise (if the flow is from the left to the
right) and other downstream of bucket, called the ground roller which is
anticlockwise.
• Slotted roller bucket: An upturn bucket with teeth in it and dissipation of

energy occurs by lateral spreading of jet passing through bucket slots in
addition to formation of two complementary rollers as in solid bucket.
84
Trajectory bucket type energy dissipators
• Trajectory / Ski-jump / Flip bucket: An upturn solid bucket is

considered when tailwater depth is much lower than the sequent
depth of hydraulic jump, thus preventing formation of the jump.
• By locating at higher level it may be used in case of higher tailwater

depths also if economy permits
• Bed of the river channel downstream is composed of sound rock.
• In trajectory bucket the flow coming down the spillway is thrown

away in air from the toe of the structure to a considerable distance
as a free dishcharging upturned jet which falls on the channel bed
downstream.
85
Design criteria
• The principal features of hydraulic design of trajectory bucket
consists of determining:
– Bucket shape
– Bucket invert elevation
– Radius of bucket
– Lip elevation and lip angle
– Trajectory length
– Estimation of scour downstream of the spillway
Generally a circular shape is preferred from practical consideration.
The fixation of bucket invert elevation depends on the site and tailwater
conditions. For a clear flip action, the lip shall be kept above the maximum tail
water level.
Also beyond certain submergence, the lip may turn the ski action into roller
action. The safe maximum submergence may be assumed to be equal to the
critical depth over the lip elevation.
86
87
Trajectory bucket
• Radius of bucket influence the pressure distribution and trajectory length.
• The radius maintains the concentric flow and avoid tendency of water to
spring away from the bucket so that streamline distribution is not altered by
the floor pressure.
• The radius of the bucket should not be less than 3 times the maximum depth
of flow d1 entering the bucket to avoid separation tendency.
• For preliminary design, R = (0.6 to 0.8)√(H*H5) based on the experience
• The Lip angle affects the horizontal throw distance. The factors affecting the
horizontal throw distance include velocity of the jet and the difference in
elevation between the lip and the tailwater.
• Normally adopted lip angle is between 30° to 40°.
• For submerged lips, the lower lip angle of 30° may be adopted to minimize
sub-atmospheric pressures on the lip.
88
Trajectory length
89
Scour estimation
• The erosion at the point of impact depend upon discharge intensity,
height of fall, water level, lip angle, mode of operation of spillway,
type and condition of rock, etc.
• Estimation of combined effect is difficult in practice.

• However, for preliminary estimation, the expression can be used as
• Depth of scour = ds = m √(qH4)
• Where, m=constant =0.36 for minimum scour
m=0.54 for probable scour
m=0.65 for ultimate scour
• q = discharge intensity (m³/s), and
• H4 = difference between reservoir pool elevation and bucket lip
level
90
• Plunge pool design
• Pre-excavated plunge pools are provided downstream of ski-
jump/trajectory bucket to create a water cushion to reduce the
energy of the flow and dampen the uncontrolled erosion, which
otherwise endanger the stability of the structure.
• Model studies
• The energy dissipator must be model tested to ensure its
satisfactory hydraulic performance of the bucket which is judged by
the trajectory height, the throw distance and also the depth and
extent of scour. It shall also be ensured that sub-atmospheric
pressures do not exist on the bucket profile and on the bucket lip.
91
F.
INTAKE
92
INTAKE
• TYPE
CANAL HEAD REGULATOR (IS 6531)
USED FOR WATER INTAKE FROM RIVER INTO CANAL
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW CONDITION
HYDROPOWER INTAKE (IS 9761)

USED FOR WATER INTAKE FROM RIVER OR RESERVOIR
INTO TUNNEL
PRESSURISED FLOW CONDITION
93
CANAL HEAD REGULATOR
• The location of canal head regulator is interlinked with the location of
diversion work. The head regulator should be located as close to the
diversion structure as possible and preferably at he end of the outer
curve (convex bend), if available, to minimize the sediment entry into the
off taking canal.
94
• The canal head regulator should be properly aligned so as to reduce silt
entry into the canal to a minimum and avoid backflow and formation of
stagnant zones in the pocket. To achieve this, the axis of canal head
regulator may be located at an angle of 90° to 110° with respect to the
axis of the diversion work. This may, however, be confirmed from model
studies, if necessary.
95
TANAKPUR
Project Layout
96
TANAKPUR
Head Regulator Layout
The axis of canal head regulator is located at an angle of 108° with respect to the axis
of the diversion work.
AXIS OF TANAKPUR BARRAGE
AXIS OF TANAKPUR HEAD
REGULATOR
108°
97
DESIGN OF CANAL HEAD REGULATOR
The hydraulic design of canal head regulator consists of the following:
a) Fixation of Pond Level ( including losses through structures );
 Determine Working Head for passing required discharge in the canal
 Determine Full Supply Level in the canal
 Add Working Head to Full supply Level to arrive at Pond Level of reservoir.
 If there is constraint in fixing Pond level, work backward to determine FSL.
b) Fixation of sill level, width of sill and shape of sill;

 Determine head over sill for a given effective water way using formula
Q = CLeHe3/2
Q = Discharge in m3/s;
C = Coefficient
(Depends of ratio of He/P and He/W, Z1,Z2, Hd/He)
He = Required Head over Crest (m)
Hd = Height of tail water above sill
P = Height over u/s floor (m)
W = Width along flow (m)
Le = Effective waterway (m)
98
 Subtract He from Pond Level to determine Sill Level.
 Width of sill shall be kept according to requirements of gates, trash rack Stop log
etc subject to minimum of 2/3He
 Edges of the sill should be rounded of with a radius equal to He
 U/s face of sill should generally be kept vertical and downstream sloped at 2H: 1 V
or flatter
c) Fixation of waterway, number and width of spans and height of gate
openings, requirements of breast wall, etc;
 Having decided on effective water way, total water way shall be computed as
below
Lt =Le+ 2(NKp+Ka)He+Wp
Lt = Total Water way; N = Number of Piers;
Kp = Pier contraction coefficient
Ka = Abutment contraction coefficient
Wp = Total Width of Piers
99
 If the maximum flood level to be attained after construction of the weir is not
very high as compared to the full supply level of canal, that is, if the difference is
up to 1 m, gates may be carried right above the high flood level. But when the
difference is considerable, economy may be achieved by limiting the height of
gates and providing a breast wall to stop the floods.
100
TANAKPUR
HEAD REGULATOR SECTION
101
d) Shape of approaches and other
component parts;
 At the upstream inlet a smooth entry should be
ensured by providing circular, elliptical or
hyperbolic transitions. The splay may be of the
order of 1:1 to 3:1. These transitions should be
confirmed by model studies, where necessary.
U/s Inlet
 At the downstream side, straight, parabolic or D/s Inlet
hyperbolic transitions should be provided. The
splay may be of the order of 3 : 1 to 5 : 1.
These transitions should be confirmed by model
studies, where necessary.
 Wing walls should normally be kept vertical up

to the end of the impervious floor beyond which
they should be flared from vertical to the actual
slope of the canal section. However, in order to
obtain greater economy the wing walls may be
kept vertical up to the toe of glacis beyond
which they may be flared gradually to l/2H:1V
at the end of impervious floor. In the remaining
length, wing walls may be flared from l/2H:1V
102
to the actual slope of the canal section.
e) Safety of structure from surface flow consideration;
In the case of regulators on permeable foundations, the factors below should be
determined.
 Depth of Upstream Cut-Off in Relation to Scour
On the upstream side of the head regulator, cut-off should be provided and taken to the same depth as the cut-
off stream of diversion work.
 Basin Dimensions and Appurtenances (Refer IS 4997)
 Thickness of Floor on Sloping Glacis with Reference to Hydraulic Jump
The hydraulic jump profile should be plotted under different conditions of flow. Average height of the jump
trough should then be obtained by deducting the levels of the jump profile from corresponding hydraulic gradient
line. This will be taken as the unbalanced head for which safety of glacis floor should be ensured. As a rough
guide the unbalanced head may be assumed to be 1/2*(d2-d1) where d1 and d2 are conjugate depths at the
beginning and end of the hydraulic jump.
 Length and Thickness of Upstream and Downstream Loose Aprons
Just at the end of concrete floor on the downstream an inverted filter I.5D to 2D long (D being he depth of scour
below bed), consisting of 600 to 900 mm deep concrete blocks with open gaps (100-150 mm to be suitably filled
with coarse material) laid over 500 to 800 mm graded filter, should be provided. The graded inverted filter should
conform to the following design criteria:
The subscript to D (15 or 85) means the grain size than which the percentage indicated by the subscript is finer.
Downstream of the inverted filter, loose apron 1.5 D long consisting of either boulders of not less than 40 kg or
wire boulder crates should be provided so as to ensure a minimum thickness of 1m in launched position.
Upstream of the impervious floor, blocks and loose apron should be provided which should be similar to that
provided in the corresponding weir or barrage. 103
f) Safety of structure from surface flow consideration;
For this factors below should be considered.
 Exit Gradient at the End of Impervious Floor
It should be determined from accepted formulae and curves. The factors of safety for exit gradient for different
types of soils should be as follows:
Shingle 4 to 5
Coarse sand 5 to 6
Fine sand 6 to 7
 Total Floor Length of Impervious Floor and Depth of Downstream Cut-Off
These two parameters are inter related. Total floor length can be decreased by increasing the depth of
downstream cut-off and vice-versa, but increase in the depth of downstream cut-off should result in increase in
the concentration of uplift pressures, specially in the lower half of the floor. A balance between the two should
have to be arrived on the basis f economic studies and other requirements, if any.
Minimum of total floor length required should be the sum of:
• Horizontal floor in the downstream from surface flow considerations;
• Length required to accommodate sloping glacis and crest; and
• about 3 m extra, upstream of the crest or length required from other considerations.
Depth of downstream cut-off should be worked out for this floor length to ensure safe exit gradient. If depth of
downstream cut-off so calculated is excessive, it can be reduced by increasing upstream floor length. As a rough
guide depth of downstream cut-off should not be less than (d/2+0.5), where d is the water depth in metres
corresponding to full supply discharge.
 Thickness of Downstream Floor with Reference to Uplift Pressure
Uplift pressures at key points on the floor should be determined from the accepted curves and formulae,
corresponding to the condition that there is high flood level in the river upstream of head regulator and no
water in the canal downstream of head regulator. Upstream of sill, only nominal floor thickness of about 1 m
104
should be provided.
SILT EXCLUDER
Sediment excluder is a device constructed in the river bed in front of a canal head regulator to prevent, as
far as possible, sediment entering into the off taking canal.
Streams carry most of sediment load of coarser grade near the bottom. If these bottom layers are intercepted
and removed before the water enters the canal, most of the sediment load causing silting up would be
withdrawn. This is generally achieved by constructing:
• Tunnel type sediment excluders suitably located in front of different bays of the head regulators, and
• curved channel with skimming weir towards the canal.
It is recommended that hydraulic model tests be carried out to check the performance of the proposed design.
105
SILT EXCLUDER
• Location and number of tunnels - The excluder tunnels are located in front of the canal head regulator
and their alignment is generally kept parallel to the regulator. The number of tunnels is determined by
the available discharge for escapages, approach conditions and length of the canal regulator; usually four
to six tunnels are provided. Any change in the alignment, if found necessary, should be on smooth
curves.
• Spacing and bell mouthing of tunnels – The tunnel nearest to the head regulator has to be of the same
length as that of the regulator. The consecutive tunnels should be spaced at distances such that the
mouth of the one nearer to the head regulator comes within the suction zone of the succeeding tunnel so
that no dead zone is left between the two to permit sediment to deposit. The extent of suction and
distance between the mouth of two tunnels should normally be determined by model. Generally a
distance of about 12 m may be adequate. The tunnels should be suitably bell mouthed at the inlet to
minimize entry losses and improve suction. Bell mouthing should be done within the thickness of divide
wall and may be done on any suitable elliptical curve.
• Size of tunnels - Size of tunnels depends upon the number of tunnels, self-clearing velocity of flow required
to be provided which may be kept 3 m/s for the alluvial and 4.0 to 4.5 m/s for the boulder stage river
and the discharge available for escapage. Besides, the convenience of a man for inspection and repairs
should also be kept in view.
• A sluice flow of about 10 to 20 percent of the canal flow be provided for sediment exclusion. 106
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
TYPE OF HYDROPOWER INTAKE
a) Run-of-River Type
Run-of-the-river type intakes are those which draw water from the fresh continuous river
inflows without any appreciable pondage upstream of the diversion structure.
b) Reservoir Type
Reservoir type intakes are provided where discharges for power generation are drawn from
storage built up for this purpose.
RUN-OF-RIVER TYPE
a) Intake adjacent to diversion dam and
barrages –
In a Run-of-the-river type development
without any appreciable pondage, an
intake for tunnel is placed upstream of
diversion dam or barrage.
Most of intakes in NHPC projects fall in
this category.
107
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
RUN-OF-RIVER TYPE
b) Canal bed/river Powerhouse Intake
A powerhouse with short intakes as a part of powerhouse structure is located across large
canals or rivers to utilise head across a fall in canal or river. In such powerhouses, Kaplan
turbines with concrete spiral casing or tubular turbines are used for power generation. In the
former case, the intake forms a part of the passage to spiral casing and this issuitably
streamlined to minimise hydraulic losses.
108
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
RUN-OF-RIVER TYPE
c) Forebay Intake
In an open canal development, the open canal or free flow conduits terminate in a basin
known as forebay and intake for penstocks is provided in this forebay. Example Intake of
Tanakpur PS, Kamang and Sippi Small HEP
109
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
RUN-OF-RIVER TYPE
c) Drop Type Intake
A diversion structure, consisting of a trough trench and trash rack structure over it, is
constructed across hilly streams to entrap the entire minimum discharge of the hilly stream. It is
also called a trench type weir. Example Intake of Bhaled Trench Weir and Suil Drop Shaft in Baira
Suil PS;
Jiwa, Hurla Pancha and Manihar Trench Weir in Parbati HEP Stage-II.
110
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
RUN-OF-RIVER TYPE
d) Run-of-the-river type intake for hydropower
For run-of-the-river scheme power generation, intakes are provided in the dam body,
Example TLDP-III PS, TLDP-IV PS.
L-SECTION OF WCS TLDP-III PS 111

HYDROPOWER INTAKE
RESERVOIR TYPE
Reservoir type intakes are provided where discharges for power generation are drawn from
storage built up for this purpose.
a) Depending on the head above the centre line of Penstock, this is further categorized as under:
• Low head ( up to 15 m),
• Medium head (15 to 30 m), and
• High head (above 30 m).
b) Depending upon location
• Intake in concrete or masonry dams for dam toe powerhouse
• Re-entrant type of intake: This type of layout is adopted in open channel with flat bottom or where
the width of dam is inadequate to accommodate the intake.
• Intake in earthen dam: When the reservoir is formed by an earthen dam and a conduit is laid below
it, the intake structure for such layout will be a sloping intake or tower type of intake.
• Intakes in reservoir independent of dams : In the case of pressure tunnel taking off from a storage
reservoir where the intake is located at a distance from the dam, the intake structure of such layout will
be either tower type, semi-circular or inclined. Example- Proposed Inclined intake in Dibang
Multipurpose Project
112
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
PROPOSED INTAKE OF DIBANG MPP
113
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
The hydraulic design of hydropower intake consists of the following:
a) Fixation of Submergence;
 Air-entraining vortices decrease turbine efficiency, pull floating debris into the turbine (or on to the
trashrack), and cause rough turbine operation
 Vortex formation and strength depend on many factors, such as approach flow geometry, Intake flow
pattern, velocity, intake size and geometry, and submergenc
 Empirical relationships are available to predict tendencies, for vortex problems [Gordon, 1970; Blaisdell,
1983].
S = submergence required to prevent vortex formation,

d = penstock diameter,
V = average intake velocity, and
F = Froude number.
C' is an empirical coefficient that was found to be approximately 0.544 for symmetrical approach flow and 0
.725 for lateral approach flow. Other guidelines [Gulliver, 1986] indicate that vortices may cause problems for
114
Froude numbers greater than 0.5 or if S/d is less than 0.6.
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
a) Fixation of Submergence;
 As per Indian standard
h
if
F
V

1 then  1 to 1.5
gD 3 D
h
if F
V

1 then  0.5+2F
gD 3 D
• Above equation are valid for intakes with proper approach flow conditions with well controlled
approach flow conditions, with a suitable dimensioning and location of the intake relative to its
surroundings
• With use of anti-vortex devices submergence requirements may be reduced below the limits
recommended above. However, recourse to hydraulic model studies may be taken to determine more
accurate value depending on the specific parameters of the particular structure.
115
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
b) Fixation of Shape and Size of Bell Mouth;
Penstock _ Area
Opening _ Area 
Cc Cos
Cc = The normal contraction of 40 percent (Cc = 0.6) should be used in high and medium head installations, 30 percent
(Cc = 0.7 ) for low head installations and 50 percent (Cc = 0.5) for re-entrant type intake.
The inlet should be streamlined to minimize the losses. The profile of the roof and floor should approximate to that
of a jet from the horizontal slot. The profile is generally an ellipse.
1
1
h1  D[(1.21 tan 2   0.0847) 2   1.1 tan  ]
2Cos Opening _ Area
be 
0.791 he Detail Of (Side Flaring) Entry In Plan
h2  D[(  0.077 tan  )] he  h1  h2
Cos 116
Bell-mouth Details for Lower and Upper Nappe
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
c) Transitions;
For Hydraulically efficient design
• Transition or turns should be made about the centre line of mass flow and should be gradual
• Side walls should not expand at a rate greater than 5⁰ from the centre line of mass flow,
• All slots or other necessary departures from the neat outline should normally be outside the
transition zone.
117
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
d) Trash Rack;
• A trash rack structure should be provided in front of a penstock or conduit to prevent the
entrance of any trash that would not pass easily through the smallest opening in the turbine
runner.
• No part of the trash rack structure should fall within 80

percent of the intake height, He, from the centre point of
intake.
• The piers and beams of the trash rack supporting

structure should be sharp nosed and should be
streamlined about the required structural section.
• Normal velocity through trash rack should be limited to

0.75 m/s for manual racking and 1.5 m/s for mechanical
raking.
• Trash bars should be so spaced that the net opening between them should be at least 5 mm
less than the minimum opening between turbine runner blades.
• For the design of trash rack piers, ribs and trash rack screens, a minimum differential head of
3-6 m may be adopted depending upon the efficiency of the cleaning of trash racks being
adopted. 118
• For detail design of trash rack refer IS 11388
HYDROPOWER INTAKE
e) Intake Gate and Air Vent ;
• The intake gate slot should be enclosed in a structure designed to guide the water into the
rectangular opening without side contraction.
• The upstream edge of the gate slot should be at least 0.40be, from the nose, where be, is the
width of opening.
• An air vent downstream of intake gate should be provided. The air vent should be so designed as
to admit air at the rate the turbine is discharging water under full gate conditions.
119
TRENCH WEIR
DESIGN CRITERIA
• The trench weir is designed for 50% clogging and

25% extra discharge for silt flushing. One
additional Trench Weir is being proposed at d/s of
the present weir with 50% clogging of trash rack
as per IS code 11388: 1995 and IS code 4880
(part – III) clause no. 4.2.1.
• The 25% silt flushing discharge &50% clogging of
trash rack has been considered as per Manual of
Planning and Design of Small Hydroelectric
Schemes and USBR Manual for Design of small
dams.
BHALEDH TRENCH WEIR
INTRODUCTION
• Presently a 21m long & 3.50m wide trench weir having crest at EL 1179.5m
with horizontal Trash rack with clear opening size of 38mm exist for diverting
the water of Chhajju/Bhaledh nallah. This 4.5m deep trench has a lateral slope
of 1 in 16.15 towards intake.
• The proposed additional Trench weir of 21m long having crest at EL 1179.50M
shall be designed to support the existing Trench weir for providing total 24
cumec discharges in BFT. The crest of proposed Trench Weir shall be at EL
1179.50M with horizontal Trash rack of size 3.50m X 21m with clear opening
size of 38mm. Depth of Trench weir shall be 4.5m and width at top is 3m
having slope 1:16.15 towards intake at EL 1175.50M. A separate intake of the
same size shall be provided and shall be connected to existing tunnel at
downstream.
G. DESILTING BASIN/CHAMBER
124
DESILTING CHAMBER
 A Desilting Chamber/Basin is a device/structure which removes the

sediments from the Water Conductor System entering the Turbine
causing damage during operation.
 River flows carry considerable sediment load. Heavy sediment load,
particularly sharp edged silt/sand leads to damage of the turbine
runner blades/buckets.
 Turbines are required to be repaired which results in shutdown of
units causing enormous loss of power and revenue.
 Sediment removal mechanism/structure needs to be introduced
between water intake and power turbine to overcome this issue by
excluding undesirable medium and coarse sediment through the
Desilting Basins.
125
DESILTING CHAMBER
GENERAL REQUIREMTS
 Artificial Desilting Basins are constructed in the water conductor

system by enlarging the area for reducing the velocity to the
desired extent depending upon the size of material to be
removed.
 Generally, basins are designed for the settlement of sediment

coarser than 0.2 mm in diameter in the case of medium head
plants.
 Generally velocity is lowered to 0.30 m/s in the Desilting Basins

designed for removal of sediment coarser than 0.2 mm. For
removal of sediment upto 0.1 mm diameter, velocity in the basin
is generally limited to 0.15 m/s.
126
DESILTING CHAMBER
LAYOUT PLAN (MANGDECHCHU HE PROJECT)
32 Ø 6000 LONG ROCK BOLTS @ 1500 C/C

STAGGERED LONGITUDINALLY (TYP.)
32 Ø 6000 LONG ROCK BOLTS @ 1500 C/C

STAGGERED LONGITUDINALLY (TYP.) B C
MS MS
003 003
E E
INSPECTION PLATFORM
DC-2 FLOW STAIRCASE
A
5000
2000
14000
150000 (6
GA
25000 300000 15000 11000 CH
56000
400 THICK RCC

CONSTRUCTION ADIT
(6500 X 6500 D- SHAPED)
DC-1
A
5000
2000
14000
FLOW
STAIRCASE
INSPECTION PLATFORM
2000 Ø D-SHAPED 3000 Ø ACCESS SHAFT (TYP.)

32 Ø 6000 LONG ROCK BOLTS @ 1500 C/C ACCESS GALLERY (TYP.)
STAGGERED LONGITUDINALLY (TYP.)
PLAN
127
DESILTING CHAMBER
FIXING THE DIMENSIONS
 The area of the Desilting Chamber is fixed keeping in view the

desired flow velocity for the particle size removal.
 Length of the Desilting Basin depends upon the horizontal distance

travelled by the particle within the time needed for the particle to
fall from the top layer of the flow to the bed of the Desilting Basin.
 Fall velocity depends upon the size, shape and specific weight of
the sediment.
 The slope of the hoppers is required to be steeper than the angle of

repose of the suspended sediment to allow the sediment to slip
into the openings at the bottom connecting to the flushing
conduits/pipes underneath.
128
FLUSHING ARRANGEMENT
Basin with hydraulic flushing: In this case, the bed of the basin is
given a steeped slope and the deposited sediment on the bed is
periodically flushed by opening the low level large size outlets.
Basin with continuous flushing: In this case, the flushing conduit is

located either below or by the side of flushing trench and it is
connected with flushing trench with openings at closer interval. The
size of the flushing conduit varies from upstream to downstream.
The velocity in the flushing conduit generally varies from 2.5 to 4
m/s. This system requires 10 to 20% of the inlet discharge for the
flushing of the sediment.
129
FLUSHING CONDUIT
GENERAL REQUIREMTS
 Flushing conduit are provided at the bottom of the Desilting

Basin.
 The size of flushing conduit should be sufficient for efficient

transport of sediments. Sediments enters in the flushing conduit
through the opening from the Desilting basin.
 Generally velocity in flushing system should be more than 3.0m/s.

10 to 20 % of inflow discharge is used for flushing of the basin
from which the size of the flushing conduit could be decided.
130
DESILTING CHAMBER
SUMMARY
S.
DESCRIPTION VALUE
No.
1 Forward velocity for removal of sediments 0.34 m/s
coarser than 0.2 mm
2 Forward velocity for removal of sediments 0.15 m/s
upto 0.1 mm
3 Desired minimum efficiency of silt removal 90%
4 Fall velocity of 0.2mm particle size 0.025 m/s

5 Flushing discharge 20%
131
DESILTING CHAMBER
STEPS FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN
S.
DESCRIPTION VALUE
No.
1 Flow through Generally 0.3 to 0.6 m/s, used to
velocity (V) calculate the Area of the Basin.
2 Fall velocity (W) Compute from Rubey’s curve
depending upon the size and
specific gravity of the sediment
3 Required Fall V*(H/L), after fixing the
velocity (Wo) preliminary dimesions i.e. LXBXH
of the DC
4 Silt Removal Computed from the Camp’s
Efficiency criteria by the ratio 122W/V and
sediment removal ratio for
different W/Wo.
132
DESILTING CHAMBER
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MANGDECHCHU HE PROJECT
Average discharge(inc. 15 % Flushing Discharge) = 63.425 Cumecs
Let the flow velocity = 0.325 m/sec

Area required = 195.154 m2
Let the width of DC = 14.000 m

Height of DB / Flow depth in DB (H) = 17.700 m
Area (A) = 201.569 m2
Flow velocity / Forward velocity in DB V = Q/A = 0.315 m/sec
Removal Ratio of Sediment of Size 0.2mm and

above
Min. particle size to be removed = 0.2 mm
Let preliminary length of DC (L) = 300 m
133
DESILTING CHAMBER
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MANGDECHCHU HE PROJECT
From Rubey Curve

For 0.2mm particle size & Ss = 2.62 of particles
Fall velocity of sediment particle W = 0.025 m/sec
From Camp's criteria

Value of 122*W/V. = 9.693
Required fall velocity of sediment particle Wo=(VxH/L) = 0.0186 m/sec
W/Wo = 1.347
From Sediment Removal Function By 'Camp'

For 122W/V = 9.693 & W/Wo = 1.347,
Removal ratio efficiency = 95.00%
134
Camp Graph and Rubey’s curve
135
DESILTING CHAMBER
EXCAVATION STAGES
OF MANGDECHHU H
E PROJECT
PHASE-2 WAS USED

-To design Rock
supports
-To determine
Deformations
-To determine
Strength factor
136
137
DESILTING CHAMBER
DEIGN OF ROCK SUPPORT
STRENGTH FACTOR FOR ROCK CLASS-III
138
DESILTING CHAMBER
DEIGN OF ROCK SUPPORT
STRENGTH FACTOR FOR ROCK CLASS-IV
139
DESILTING CHAMBER
DEIGN OF CONCRETE LINNING USING STAAD PRO
Radial Stiffness
kr = Er/( 1 + n) * bd / R
In wall
Stiffness in horizontal direction
= ks
In Hopper
Stiffness in horizontal direction
= ks sin(angle)
Stiffness in vertical direction
= ks cos(angle)
Deflection
140
diagram
H. HEAD RACE TUNNEL/CHANNEL
141
142
A WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM CONVEYS THE WATER FROM RIVER/RESERVOIR TO
THE TURBINES WHILE MAINTAINING SPEED AND PRESSURE OF WATER MASS
FUNCTION OF WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM
CONVEY WATER FROM RIVER/ RESERVOIR TO TURBINES.
MAINTAIN SPEED AND PRESSURE OF WATER MASS
143
A HEAD RACE SYSTEM CONVEYS WATER LINED SECTION OF BORED HRT
FROM DOWNSTREAM OF DESILTING
SYSTEM TO START OF PRESSURE SHAFT /
PENSTOCK.
TYPE OF HEAD RACE SYSTEM DEPENDS

ON HYDRAULIC CONDITION
 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW – HEAD RACE

CHANNEL OR TUNNEL
 PRESSURISED FLOW – HEAD RACE

TUNNEL KISHANGANGA HRT
144
CHAMERA-III HRT
 ALIGNMENT OF INTAKE, DESILTING SYSTEM, HEAD RACE SYSTEM, LOCATION OF
ADIT, LOCATION OF SURGE ARRAGEMENT, ALIGNMENT OF PENSTOCK AND TAIL
RACE SYSTEM IS BASED ON FOLLOWING.
 AVAILABLE ROCK COVER VIS-À-VIS HEAD
 LENGTH OF ADIT TO ADIT PORTALS
 GEOLOGICAL SETTING
 NALA CROSSING
 LOCATION OF POWER HOUSE

 DETERMINATION OF TUNNEL CROSS SECTION
 DETERMINATION OF ECONOMIC DIAMETER
 HEAD LOSS COMPUTATION
 ESTIMATION OF ROCK SUPPORT
 EMPERICAL SOLUTION
 KINEMATIC ANALYSIS
 CLOSED FORM SOLUTION (CONVERGANCE CONFINMENT ANALYSIS) FOR
DETERMINATION SUPPORT PRESSURE.
 FEM ANALYSIS
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF LINING HRT
 INTERNAL WATER PRESSURE
 EXTERNAL WATER PRESSURE

 CROSS SECTION OF A TUNNEL DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
 GEOLOGICAL
 HYDRAULIC
 STRUCTURAL
 FUNCTIONAL
CIRCULAR SECTION
• The circular section is most suitable from
structural considerations. However, it is difficult for
excavation, particularly where cross-sectional area
is small.
• Suitable for tunnels which are likely to have to
resist heavy inward or outward radial pressures
• Most suitable where the tunnel is subjected to high
internal pressure, but does not have good quality
of rock and/or adequate rock cover around it
D-SECTION
• D section would be found suitable in tunnels
located in massive igneous, hard, compacted,
metamorphic and good quality sedimentary rocks -
where the external pressures due to water or
unsound strata upon the lining is slight and also
where the lining is not required to be designed
against internal pressure.
• The principal advantages of this section are the
added width of the invert which gives more working
floor space in the heading during driving and the
flatter invert which helps to eliminate the tendency
of wet concrete to slump and draw away from
the tunnel sides after it has been screeded.
HORSE SHOE-SECTION
• Horse-shoe sections are a compromise between
circular and D sections.
• This section is strong in its resistance to external
pressures.
• Quality of rock and adequate rock cover in terms of
the internal pressure to which the tunnel is
subjected govern the use of this section.
OTHER-SECTIONS
• Modified Horse-shoe.
• Egg
• Eggellipse
Though these sections provide some advantages is special geologic conditions such as
stratified soft and very closely laminated rock (as laminated sand stones, slates, micaceous
schists, etc ), they are difficult to construct and rarely used.
ECONOMIC DIAMETER
Tunnel dimensions and shape of the tunnel is also computed through economic studies considering
following
 Velocity requirements,
 Loss due to tunnel friction,
 Interest charges on capital cost of tunnel,
 Annual maintenance charges,
 Whether lined or unlined, and
 Cost of gates and their hoists.
The diameter so arrived is known as economic diameter.
The economic diameter is calculated by evaluating annual power loss and annual cost for
maintenance and equating first derivative with respect to Diameter to zero based on Manning’s
formula.
ECONOMIC DIAMETER
2 2 2 2 hf =Head loss
Head loss due to friction h f  v n4  10.29Q n
16 Q = Discharge
R3 D3 N = Manning's Coefficient
0.88 *106 Q 3n 2ep f c p D = Economic Diameter
Annual Cost of Power Lost E f  16
3
ce = unit cost of excavation
D
cc = unit cost of concrete
Cost of Excavation =  ( D  0.33D) 2 ce  1.39 D 2ce
e =overall efficiency of plant
4 p =ratio of annual fixed operation and maintenance
charges to construction cost
Cost of Concrete =  ( D  0.165D)0.165Dcc  0.6 D 2cc
Annual Capital Cost Ep  D 2 (1.39ce  0.6cc ) p
For Economic Diameter

 (E f  E p )
22
2.36 *106 * Q 3 * n 2 * e * p f

0 3
D D
[1.39ce  0.6cc ] p
The tunnel diameter determined as a result of economic studies should be examined from practical
considerations, such as space requirements for the excavating equipment and the section may be modified if
necessary, based on the above considerations. A minimum height of 2m is necessary. For mechanized handling
of excavated material a minimum section of 2.5 x 2.5 m is required.
HEAD LOSS
2 2 2 2 hf =Head loss
Head loss due to friction h f  v n4  10.29Q
16
n
R3 D3
2
Head loss due to other factors = k v
2g
k = coefficient
v= velocity inside tunnel
CLOSED FORM SOLUTION

(CONVERGANCE CONFINMENT
ANALYSIS) FOR
DETERMINATION SUPPORT
PRESSURE
I. SURGE SHAFT
Surge Shaft Excavation (Initial Stage )-MHPA
155
Function of Surge Shaft
• The Surge Shaft/Gallery absorbs Water hammer
(shock waves) generated due to fluctuation of
load on Turbine.
• Acts as Damper for oscillating water mass &
insure hydraulic stability in Water Conducting
System.
• During load acceptance it supplies water to the
Turbine until the flow velocity in Tunnel increased
to steady state.
• During load rejection it stores water until the flow
velocity in Tunnel reduced to steady state.
• The D/s Surge Shaft/Gallery provided down
stream of Turbine which discharges into long Tail
Race Tunnel under pressure or as per result of
Transient Analysis.
156
Types of Surge Shaft
Surge Shaft, Surge Gallery, Expansion Chamber & its combination are
used as Surge Arrangement in Hydro Electric Project.
1. Simple Surge Shaft 2. Restricted Orifice Type
3. Differential Surge Shaft
157
Types of Surge Shaft
4. Multiple Surge shaft
Classification of Surge
Arrangement also based on its
Location such as U/s and D/s
Surge Shaft, based on head
available to the plant such as
Surge Shaft for High head and
Low head power station.
5. Surge Shaft with Expansion Gallery
158
Hydraulic & Structural Design Consideration
Standards, Codes & Reference documents

• IS: 7396 (Part 1 to Part 4)
• IS: 7357-1974
• IS: 456-2000
• CBIP Manual on Underground Works
• Tunnels and shaft in Rock : EM 1110-2-2901
Hydraulic Design Consideration
The surge level are determined by integrating the equation of mass
oscillations for the respective surge arrangement. Water level is
determined by Schoklitsh’s graphical or Pressel’s numerical method.
(a) Height of Surge Shaft

The top of Surge Shaft may be kept 1.5m above the highest surge level
while the bottom at 2m below the lowest surge level.
159
Hydraulic Design Consideration
(b) Cross-Sectional Area

• Thoma Criteria;
• As Power station always operate in Grid, considering stabilization effect of

Grid the area of Surge Shaft calculated as;
160
Structural Design Consideration
Assumptions
• External Rock load are not supported by the Lining.
• Contact grouting will completely fill the gap between Concrete and Rock.
• The rock mass is assumed to be Homogeneous, Elastic & Isotropic.
• The load deformation relationship is assumed to be linear and the rock
mass parameters (modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, deformation
modulus and Poisson’s ratio) are constant.
Design Load
• Internal water pressure
• External water pressure
• External grout pressure
• Dead Load
• Seismic load
• Live Load
161
Empirical Method (Lame’s Thick Cylinder Theory)

• Lining Thickness
The lining thickness of Surge Shaft is calculated for external hydrostatic
pressure as per formula
• Lining Reinforcement
The hoop reinforcement shall be able to withstand the total hoop force
due to net maximum internal pressure
162
Analysis Using Software

• Modeling
3D plate model of Surge Shaft lining, Orifice slab, HRT
transition & Bottom slab have been modeled using
plate elements in STAAD.
• Boundary condition
To simulate actual boundary condition model is
supported with combination of Simply support, Fixed
support, Foundation with sub grade modulus.
• Loads
Applicable Loads as per IS : 7357.
• Analysis & Result Interpretation
Based on Analysis results, different components of
Surge Shaft shall be designed.
STAAD Model
163
J.PENSTOCK
164
PENSTOCKS
• Pressure Shaft Liner/ Penstock - Conduits
carrying water from surge tanks or directly
from a reservoir, forebay, to the power house.
Penstocks are generally made of steel or

concrete or a combination of both. The
pressure varies from minimum at the
upstream end to the maximum at the junction
with the scroll case/ Generation Machine .
165
Types of penstocks
1. Surface penstocks
The penstocks conveying water under pressure flow
conditions. These are Exposed and opened to air.
Supported on ground through Anchor blocks.
2. Buried/ Embedded Penstocks

The penstocks, buried/embedded in rock or concrete,
for conveyance of water from a reservoir, pond or
surge tank to a hydraulic turbine in hydro-power
plants. They may be steel lined/ concrete lined.
Disposition of the pressure shaft liners are Vertical,
Stepped, Inclined.
166
3. Specials for penstocks
Different types of specials like bends, reducers, expansion
joints, etc are used in steel penstocks carrying water from
surge tanks or reservoirs to the power houses.
167
SURFACE PENSTOCK
Loktak, Sewa-II, Salal and Baira Siul Power Stations
have surface penstocks.
168
Parbati-III Power Station has steel lined vertical pressure shafts.
Parbati-II and Kishanganga H.E.Project has steel lined inclined pressures shafts.
169
Chamera-III and Dhauliganga Power Stations have concrete lined vertical shafts.
170
Design Data for Penstocks
The following data is required for the structural design of
penstocks.
(A) Project General Layout

(B) Complete longitudinal profile
(C) Geological data
(i) Geology of area
(ii) Type of ground/rock
(iii) Bearing capacity of ground
(iv) Shear properties of soil
(v) Modulus of deformation
(vi) Seismic coefficient
171
(D) Climatic conditions
(i) Temperature (Maximum, mean, minimum, by day and
night and in summer and winter)
(ii) Wind conditions (direction and maximum speed)
(iii) Snow conditions (Period and average depth of snow)
(E) Hydraulic data

(i) Diameter of penstock
(ii) Discharge through penstock
(iii) Water Hammer
172
Design criteria for Surface penstocks
Following are the main loads considered for the
design of surface penstocks
(a) Internal water pressure/Water hammer
(b) Weight of penstock and water
(c) Temperature variations
(d) Wind loads
(e) Snow loads
(f) Seismic forces
173
Design criteria for Buried/Embedded penstocks
(a) Internal Water Pressure:

The steel lining of a penstock is designed for maximum
internal pressure which is caused due to maximum water
level in reservoir or in surge tank, as the case may be, plus
the anticipated increase in pressure due to water hammer
effect development when arresting or releasing the flow
of water. It should be computed for both normal as well as
emergency conditions. The plate thickness of the penstock
should be checked for both these conditions.
(b) Water hammer effect
Rapid opening or closing of the turbine gates produces a
pressure wave in the penstock, termed as water hammer
effect.
174
(c) Pressure wave velocity
The pressure wave velocity in steel penstock carrying water.
(d) Pressure rise gradient
Pressure rise due to water hammer is measured above
static water level in reservoir or maximum upsurge level in
case of surge tank and it is assumed to vary uniformly along
penstock, from maximum at turbine end to zero at
reservoir level or maximum upsurge level.
(e) External pressure
The steel lining should be designed for the external water
pressure head which is either the difference between the
ground level vertically above the penstock and the
penstock invert level or the maximum level from which the
water is likely to find its way around steel lining, whichever
is less.
175
Economic Studies of Penstock
• Economic diameter of the penstock is the

diameter for which, the annual cost, which
includes the cost of power lost due to
friction and charges for amortization of
construction cost, maintenance, operation
etc. is minimum.
176
The economic diameter can be calculated by the following
equation based on Manning’s formula:
177
Where
Cc = unit cost of concrete lining in Rupees/m3
Ce = unit cost of excavation in Rupees/m3
Cp = cost of 1 kWh of energy in Rupees
Cs = cost of steel in Rupees/Kg

D = diameter of the penstock
e = overall efficiency of penstock
H = head on penstock including water hammer in m
i = percentage by which steel in penstock is overweight due
to provision of stiffeners, corrosion allowance, etc.
n = Rugosity coefficient in Manning’s formula
p = ratio of annual fixed operation and maintenance charges
to construction cost of penstock
pf = annual load factor
Q = discharge through penstock in m3/s
178
Following Pressure vessel quality steel plates are used for steel liners/
Penstocks
S. No. Steel Grade
1 ASTM A-537 CL 1
2 ASTM A-516 Gr. 70

3 ASTM A-517 Gr. F
4 ASTM A-517 Gr. Q

5 S690 QL
6 IS 2002:2009 GRADE 3
179
K.POWER HOUSE
180
Schematic Sketch of Hydropower Station - Basic Principal
P= 9.8QHnet X Efficiency Amount of Water
Q
Transformer
Head
Power House
Turbine
Q Water Conductor 181

POWER HOUSE OF A HYDROPOWER POWER STATION IS A STRUCTURE WHICH ARE
PLANNED AND DESIGNED TO PROVIDE PROPER HOUSING OF ELECTRO –MECHANICAL
EQUIPMENTS. :-
DIFFERENT TYPES :- DEPENDING UPON HEAD IS:4410 PART-10
LOW HEAD : PS OPERATING UNDER HEAD LESS THAN 30M
MEDIUM HEAD : PS OPERATING UNDER HEAD 30M-300M( LIMITS NOT
EXCACTLY DEFINED UPPER LIMIT MAY BE TAKEN AS 200-250M).
HIGH HEAD : PS OPERATING UNDER HEAD MORE THAN 300M
DEPENDING UPON GENERATION DEPENDING UPON OPERATION IS:4410

IS:12800 PART-1 &3 PART10-1988
TYPE UNIT SIZE TYPE FUNCTION
MICRO UP TO 100KW BASE LOAD OPERATING CONTINUOUSLY AT
POWER A CONSTANT OR NEAR
MINI 101-1000KW
STATION CONSTANT POWER AND
SMALL 1001-5000 KW OPERATES AT HIGH LOAD
MEDIUM TO 5 MW-500MW FACTOR
LARGE PEAK LOAD POWER STATION DESIGNED
POWER FOR THE PURPOSE OF
STATION OPERATING TO SUPPLY182 THE
PEAK LOAD OF POWER SYSTEM
DIFFERENT TYPES OF POWER HOUSE
 ACCORDING TO FACILITY TYPE

RUN-OF-RIVER RUN-OF-RIVER WITH
WITHOUT PONDAGE PONDAGE
RESERVOIR
PUMPED STORAGE
 ACCORDING TO HYDROLOGICAL
RELATION
SINGLE
MULTI STAGE OR CASACADE
 ACCORDING TO TRANSMISSION
ISOLATED
CONNECTED TO GRID
183
Power House IS:4410(PART10-1988)
Depending upon the topography and geology
of the area power house can be located on
surface or underground or as a semi
underground power house.
Surface power house
Underground power house
Semi underground or shaft power house

184
Surface Power House
• Surface power house is preferred if a sufficiently flat terrace is available near
the vicinity of river which does not require very deep excavation. The power
house receives water from penstock on upstream and normally discharges
into tailrace channel or a tailrace pool.
• Sometimes the tail race pool opens into a tailrace tunnel before discharging
water back into the river. Surface power house is generally economical and
easy to construct.
Underground Power House
• If no terrace is available, rock is sound and massive an underground power house may
prove to the best choice. Underground power house receives water from head race
tunnel/pressure shaft/penstock and normally involves a tailrace tunnel to discharge water
back to river or a nallah.
• Under ground power house is generally costly and require thorough knowledge of geology
of the area and rock mechanics. Underground power houses have strategic importance
also.
Semi Underground Power House

•If the rock cover is not sufficient and the rock is not very sound shaft is dug into the rock
formations with vertical walls only to accommodate the substructure to reduce the
excavation for surface power house. The draft tubes are made as small tunnels.
185
DIMENSIONING OF POWER HOUSE
The length of a power house mainly depends upon the unit spacing, length of erection bay and the length
required for the overhead crane to handle the last unit. The total length (L) of the power houses may be
determined from the following formula:
L = N × (unit spacing) + L + K
where
N = Number of units
L = Length of erection/ Service bay
K = Length required for overhead gantry crane to handle the last unit .
The length of erection bay may be taken as 1.0 to 1.5 times the unit bay size as per erection requirement.
The width of the power house depends on the dimensions of the spiral casing and the hydro generator.
186
DIMENSIONING OF POWER HOUSE
The height of the power house from the bottom of the draft-tube to the centerline of spiral casing (H1) has
to be determined from the dimensions of elbow type draft tube. The thickness of the concrete below the
lowest point of draft-tube may be taken from 1.0 to 2.0m depending upon the type of foundation strata,
backfill conditions and size of the power house.
The height from the center line of the spiral casing up to the top of the generator (H2) can be determined
from the height of the generator’s stator frame and that of the load bearing bracket.
The height of the machine hall above the top bracket of the generator (H3)
depends upon the overhead cranes hook level, corresponding crane rail level,
and the clearance required between the ceiling and the top of the crane.
H2
Total height of power house H =H1+H2+H3
H3 H1
IS: 12800-1993 “Guidelines for selection of turbines, preliminary

dimensioning and layout of surface hydro-electric power houses”
Part 1: Medium and large power houses
Part 2: Pumped storage power houses
Part 3: Small, mini and micro hydroelectric power houses.
187
UNDERGROUND POWER HOUSE
URI POWER STATION
SURFACE POWER HOUSE
TLD-III POWER STATION 188

General Arrangement of Powerhouse
Main feature of the powerhouse about which other areas are grouped. It is
Main powerhouse structure divided into bays or blocks with one generating unit normally located in
Generator and Turbine room floors each block
Erection bay should be located at the end of the generator room, preferably
Erection / Service bay at the same floor elevation and with a length equal to at least one bay. The
above length should be increased sufficiently to provide adequate working
room . The length of erection bay may be taken as 1.0 to 1.5 times the unit
bay size as per erection requirement.
Service areas include offices, control and testing rooms, storage rooms,
Service area maintenance shop, auxiliary equipment rooms, and other rooms for special
uses.
Space should be provided for some or all of the following features and uses,
Space allocations as required:
(1) Public areas: Main public entrance, reception area, public rest rooms,
exhibits, and elevator.
(2) Employee areas: Employee entrance, equipment entrance, offices, office
storage, rest rooms for office use, control room, rest rooms for control room
operators etc.
Inter-related with the selection of the type and rating of the transformers.
MAIN TRANSFORMER YARD / The selection of single-phase or 3-phase type of transformers, the method
CAVERN of cooling, and the kVA rating. are also directly related to the basic
switching provisions selected for the plant
Related to the basic switching provisions selected for the plant
GIS / SWITCH YARD
189
TYPICAL X-SECTION OF SURFACE POWER HOUSE AREA
INTAKE
TRANSFORME
GIS BUILDING R BAY POWER
HOUSE
PENSTOCK
TAIL RACE
190
TYPICAL X-SECTION OF UNDER GROUND POWERHOUSE AREA
POWER HOUSE TRANSFORMER

CAVERN CAVERN CAVERN
MIV CAVERN
191
L.TURBINES
192
TURBINE
 It converts the potential energy of water into mechanical
energy, which in turn drives the generator.
TERMINOLOGY:
Maximum Net Head: Maximum effective head available for
power generation which is maximum gross head less all the
losses in the WCS including Penstock.
Minimum Net Head: The net head resulting from the differences
in elevation between the minimum head water level and the
tail race level minus losses with all turbines operating.
Design head: Design head is the net head at which peak
efficiency of turbine is desired. This head determines the
basic dimensions of the turbine.
Design head= Minimum Net Head + 2/3 (Maximum Net Head -
Minimum Net Head)
193
TERMINOLOGY (CONT.)
Turbine efficiency: The hydro turbines are expected to operate over a wide
range of output. Thus the weighted average efficiency of turbine specified
based on the computed efficiencies at various outputs. Due to improved
design of turbine, the weighted average efficiency obtainable for reaction
turbine is more than 95% and for Impulse turbine more than 92%.
Specific Speed and Synchronous speed: The trial specific speed is selected on
the basis of empirical formula involving design head (IS 12800 part-1).
Rotational speed of turbine is calculated from this specific speed.
The calculated rotational speed is rounded to the nearest synchronous
speed and the specific speed again calculated. Rated speed resulting in
even number of pair of poles is normally preferred.
Turbine setting: In reaction turbines, the setting of turbine with respect of
minimum tail water level should be fixed from the cavitation
consideration.
Suction height Hs ≤ Hb – σH – Hv
Here Hb = Barometric pressure in meters of water column
Hv = Vapour pressure
σ = Thoma’s cavitation coefficient
H = Rated head in meter
Deeper setting gives better performance of the machine at the expense of
higher civil costs (in case of surface power station) as it reduces cavitation.
194
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
 Impulse Turbine: A turbine in which all the potential
energy of water is converted to kinetic energy before it
acts on the runner eg. Pelton turbine.
 Reaction Turbine: Following turbines are under this
type
 Francis Turbine: It has fixed blades runner, where the
water under pressure enters the runner through guide
vanes in radial direction and leaves the runner
practically in axial direction.
 Kaplan Turbine: It has movable blades where flow
direction is axial and remains unchanged.
 Bulb Turbine: Kaplan turbine with horizontal
arrangement and having generator located inside bulb.
195
SELECTION OF TYPE OF TURBINE
Heads and discharges are the major criteria for the selection of
turbines. For low to medium heads, Kaplan turbines are
recommended: for medium to high heads having moderate
discharge, Francis turbines are recommended, for very high heads,
Pelton turbines are favoured.
IS code (IS:12837) recommends the selection of turbine as under:
Head Type of Turbine
Above 300m Pelton turbine
30 to 400m Francis turbine
10 to 60 m Kaplan turbine
3 to 20 m Bulb turbine
Following aspects considered for the selection of a Hydro turbine:
*Head variation *Civil costs
*In flow variation i.e. part load operation
*Maintenance *Efficiency 196
FACTOR INFLUENCING SELECTION OF
TURBINE
 Francis turbine requires less space and operate at higher running speed.
 Hydraulically Francis turbine is more favourable because it can utilise the
head down to the lowest tail water level, whereas impulse turbine has
to be set up with a clearance of few meters above TWL.
 Because of lower setting Francis turbine requires more excavation works.
 Francis turbine involves extensive dismantling for replacement of worn
out labyrinth, runners, guide vane etc. Whereas replacement is easy in
case of impulse turbine.
Thus, the choice in each case is based on technical, economical and

operative requirements including transportation limits.
197
POWER HOUSE L - SECTION
198
NHPC POWER CAPACITY NET HEAD TURBINE TYPE
STATIONS (MW) (M)
1 TLDP- III 132 21.34 KAPLAN
2 TANAKPUR 94.2 22 VERTICAL KAPLAN
3 TLDP-IV 160 25.05 KAPLAN
4 NIMOO BAZGO 45 34 VERTICAL FRANCIS
5 CHUTAK 44 52 VERTICAL FRANCIS
6 SUBANSIRI LOWER 2000 86 FRANCIS
7 SALAL 690 94.5 VERTICAL FRANCIS
8 URI II 240 118 VERTICAL FRANCIS
9 RANGIT 60 129.7 FRANCIS
10 CHAMERA I 540 185 FRANCIS
11 TEESTA V 510 197 VERTICAL FRANCIS
12 CHAMERA III 231 200 VERTICAL FRANCIS
13 DULHASTI 390 207.5 FRANCIS
14 URI I 480 222.5 VERTICAL FRANCIS
15 CHAMERA II 300 243 VERTICAL FRANCIS
16 BAIRA SIUL 180 259.5 VERTICAL FRANCIS
17 DHAULIGANGA 280 297 VERTICAL FRANCIS
18 LOKTAK 105 298 FRANCIS
19 PARBATI III 520 326 VERTICAL FRANCIS
20 SEWA II 120 560 VERTICAL PELTON
21 KISHANGANGA 330 665 PELTON
22 MANGDECHU 720 692 PELTON
23 PARBATI II 800 863 PELTON
199
Silt Erosion of Underwater Turbine
Components
ORIGIN OF SILT
• The Rivers of most of the Power Stations of NHPC originate from Himalayas.
• In Geological terms, Himalayas are about 15 million years old and so are young
and unstable.
• During heavy rains of monsoon months of June-September, the rivers carry
heavy silt load due to loss of natural vegetation cover.
• Desilting arrangements wherever provided have not been very effective in
trapping silt particles smaller than 200 microns which remain suspended and
flow along with water and enter the water conductor system.
200
Silt Affected Components
• High concentrations (PPM) of abrasive silt mostly comprising of quartz
particles cause severe erosion of the following under water turbine
components of Salal (6 x 115 MW), Baira Siul (3 x 60 MW) & Rangit (3 x
20 MW)Power Stations of NHPC which are the worst victims of silt
erosion:-
- Runner
- Guide vane
- Labyrinth Sealing Rings, and
- Surface Liners of Turbine Top Cover and Bottom Ring
201
Eroded Rotating Shaft Sleeve of Salal Power Station
202
(A) (B)
(A) New Runner & (B) Eroded Runner of Salal Power Station
203
(a) (b)
(a) Eroded Top Cover and (b) Eroded Lower Ring

of Salal Power Station
204
Close-up View of Eroded Runner of Salal
Power Station 205
Eroded Guide Vane of Salal Power Station 206
EFFECTS DUE TO SILT
• Huge cost incurred annually on rebuilding of worn-out

components.
• Low time gap between major rebuilding/replacement
• Major loss in Capacity Index for Bairasiul Station
• Frequent failures due to above leads to U.I. Losses.
• Energy loss due to wastage of water during silt
removal through hydrosuction.
207
Mitigation measures
• Observation & monitoring of silt data during investigation, planning,

construction and O&M stage of the project/power station
• Provision of reservoir operation and silt flushing in the annual
energy of project during DPR stage.
• Reservoir operation and flushing/ sluicing as per extant guideline
• Provision of Desilting chamber/basin as per requirement to remove
coarse sediment particles from water conductor system
• High velocity oxy fuel (HOVF) coating on turbine parts
• Provision of spare runner
• Provision of spare under water parts
208
SOFTWARES USED IN DESIGN &
ENGINEERING DIVISION
209
FOUNDATION
PROGRAM
GENERAL PURPOSE / DOCUMENTATION SOFTWARE:
 MS OFFICE - OFFICE APPLICATIONS
 ADOBE - OFFICE APPLICATIONS
DRAFTING SOFTWARE:
 AutoCAD - COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) AND DRAFTING SOFTWARE APPLICATION
STRUCTURAL / GENERAL PURPOSE SOFTWARE:
 STAAD.PRO - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SOFTWARE
 NISA-CIVIL - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS SOFTWARE.
 SAP2000 - GENERAL PURPOSE STRUCTURAL PROGRAM.
 ANSYS - GENERAL PURPOSE PROGRAM.
GEOTECHNICAL SOFTWARE:
 PHASE-2 (ROCSCIENCE) - 2D FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAM FOR SOIL AND ROCK APPLICATIONS
 SLIDE (ROCSCIENCE) - COMPREHENSIVE SLOPE STABILTY ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
 SWEDGE (ROCSCIENCE) - ANALYSIS TOOL FOR EVALUATING THE GEOMETRY AND STABILITY OF
SURFACE WEDGES IN ROCK SLOPES.
 UNWEDGE (ROCSCIENCE)- 3D STABILITY ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION PROGRAM FOR
UNDERGROUND EXCAVATIONS IN ROCK CONTAINING INTERSECTING
STRUCTURAL DISCONTINUITIES.
 FLAC (ITASCA) - NUMERICAL MODELING SOFTWARE FOR ADVANCED GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
OF SOIL, ROCK, GROUNDWATER AND GROUND SUPPORT.
 UDEC (ITASCA) - UNIVERSAL DISTINCT ELEMENT CODE (UDEC), TWO DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL
SOFTWARE.
FOUNDATION
PROGRAM
SOFTWARES
 SEEP/W (GEO-SLOPE) - FOR FINITE SEEPAGE ANALYSIS
 SIGMA/W (GEO-SLOPE) - STRESS & DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF GEOTECHNICAL, CIVIL AND
MINING WORKS.
 SLOPE/W (GEO-SLOPE) - SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
HYDROLOGICAL & HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS SOFTWARES
 MIKE-11 - Hydraulic modeling software developed by Danish Hydraulic

Institute, Denmark
 WHAMO - Water hammer and Mass Oscillation – Hydraulic transient software
developed by US Army Corps Of Engineers.
 Arc GIS - A GIS and remote sensing software developed by ESRI
ERDAS IMAGINE - A GIS and remote sensing software developed by ESRI
HEC SERIES - Hydrological and hydraulic modeling softwares developed by US Army

Corps Of Engineers.
212

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DESIGN OF HYDRO POWER

• Standard Project Flood (SPF) -

• Return Period Flood –

Gross Capacity Static Head at Dam Classification Recommended IDF

0.5 to 10 7.5 to 12 Small 100-Year Flood

A TYPICAL DESIGN FLOOD HYDROGRAPH

Factors affecting the magnitude of GLOF at Dam site:

Criterion for assessing the GLOF :

• No Indian/International code is available at present to assess/estimate the

• Safety of coffer dam against failures Judgement – Construction period &

– Hydraulic design: Hydrological It depends on the type of dam –

• Rockfill coffer dam

• While channel for earthen or rockfill dam should be designed for

• For lined channel velocity may go up to 15 m/s

• Open cut or conduit: Sometimes low level outlets are provisioned to

• It should preferably in the NOF block of dam close to the spillway

• The conduit would normally be a rectangular conduit with

• The permissible velocity in the conduit may be limited to 20 m/s.

• Safely passing extra water into the river

• Based on Material Used

 Clay Core Rock-fill

 Concrete faced Rock-fill

1. Earth-fill or earthen embankments –These may be classified as dams use

• Uses naturally available materials

• Relatively less costly

Embankment dams have following disadvantages:

• Needs larger diversion arrangement during construction.

• Difficult to construct in high rainfall area

• Spillways cannot be accommodated in dam body

Components for Seepage Control Through Dam Body

Measured for Seepage Control Through Foundation

• Spillways can be accommodated in dam body

• Can be constructed in all climatic conditions

• Suitable for all valley sections

Concrete gravity dams have following disadvantages:

• Needs competent rock foundation.

• Is very rigid and have low allowable differential settlement capacity.

By Response Spectrum Method (For dams higher than 100 m)

Design of Concrete Gravity Dams (IS 6512)

Design of Concrete Gravity Dams (IS 6512)

For locations other than base adjoining chart

Design of Concrete Gravity Dams (IS 6512)

HYDRO DYNAMIC FORCE

Total horizontal shear and moment at depth y is given by

Stability against overturning

Sliding resistance is also a function of the

Where W is the weight of the wedge; α is the

Following steps are involved in planning of Barrages

Silt Factor Looseness factor

1 to 1.5 1.0 to 0.6

• Critical Exit Gradient

For detailed analysis refer CBIP Barrage Manual

• Structural Analysis (IS 11130)

• Design of Impervious Floor

 As Gravity type where uplift is balanced by self weight.

Where the floor is of plain concrete, suitable temperature reinforcement shall be

To release surplus water

The magnitude of K depends

• Adequacy of spillway is generally • For free flow conditions when Reservoir

• Energy dissipators below hydraulic structures is vital for design and

• Slotted roller bucket: An upturn bucket with teeth in it and dissipation of

• Trajectory / Ski-jump / Flip bucket: An upturn solid bucket is

• By locating at higher level it may be used in case of higher tailwater