Disaster Readiness

and Risk Reduction

Prepared For Our

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 I. USGS (2013)
O The rapid onset of unrest at Mount St. Helens on
September 23, 2004 initiated an uninterrupted lava-
dome-building eruption that continued until 2008. The
initial phase produced rapid growth of a lava dome as
magma pushed upward. As shown on the video, an
initial succession of lava spines, two recumbent and
one steeply sloping, grew to nearly 500 m in length
before disintegrating into mounds of rubble. The
trajectory of lava extrusion was affected by the
geometry of the crater, particularly the proximity of the
vent to the south crater wall, and by the growing volume
of erupted material.
 II. News Direct (2013)
O A landslide buried nine cars at a car park along Jalan Ampang, near the Jalan
Dang Wangi intersection here. No casualty was reported in the 7pm incident
yesterday when part of the hill slope across the road from the Dang Wangi LRT
station collapsed. A car owner, known only as Raj, 28, was shocked to discover
his car almost buried when he returned from the LRT station. Meanwhile in
Petaling Jaya, a woman narrowly escaped after a landslip in Bukit Gasing
caused a tree to fall on her car while she was driving home. Shanthi
Kanthaswamy, 48, a marketing and sales controller who lives in Fraser Towers,
was driving along Jalan 5/60 during heavy rain when the tree fell on the bonnet
of her Honda Accord, pushing her car sideways and badly damaging it. “At about
8.15pm, I heard rumbling noises before a tree came crashing in front of me.
“Luckily, I was driving very slowly; otherwise the impact would have been worse.
I could have been thrown off,” she added. Fraser Towers Joint Management
Body chairman M. Kamar said residents had been complaining about landslips
in the area for years. Bukit Gasing assemblyman Rajiv Risyakaran said he would
help expedite efforts to prevent further landslips in the area. “I urge the Petaling
Jaya City Council (MBPJ) to speed up remedial works,” he said.
 III. BBC Earth Unplugged
(2013)
O One of the scariest phenomenon’s in nature is sinkholes.
O Sinkholes are pits in the ground that form in areas where water
gathers without external drainage, according to the U.S. Geological
Survey. As water drains below ground, it can dissolve subterranean
caverns, particularly in areas where the bedrock is made of water-
soluble evaporate rocks such as salt or gypsum or of carbonate
rocks such as limestone or dolomite. The cavern gets bigger till it
can no longer support the Weight of the land above it and it
collapses down. It can all occur in weeks, months or even years.
Sinkholes have no distinct shape or size on how big it will cover up
a land. Sinkholes are hard to predict or to determine. There are
ways on how to spot some sinkholes. The sudden damage of
properties for no reason, deformation of the ground, sudden death
of plants, rapid formation of ponds, and trees that grows
irregularly are the effects of the certain phenomena.
 I. Homeowners Guide to
Landslides
O • WHAT IS A LANDSLIDE?
O A landslide is the downward slope
movement of rock, soil, or debris.
Debris flow, earth flow, rock fall,
mudflow, mudslide, slide, and slump
are also terms for landslide.
 I. Homeowners Guide to
Landslides
O• COMMON TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
O 1. Rotational slides occur when rock or earth is
transported downslope along a curved surface.
This type of landslide can be large and damaging.
O 2. Earthflows and debris flows are usually
rapid, downward movements of mixtures of water,
soil, rock and (or) debris. Flows often occur in
either water-saturated slopes or where vegetation
has been removed by fire or humans.
 I. Homeowners Guide to
Landslides
O Triggers
O WAVE OR STREAM EROSION BELOW
BLUFFS.
O EARTHQUAKES
O INTENSE OR PROLONGED RAINFALL AND
(OR) RAPID SNOWMELT.
O HUMAN ACTIVITIES
 I. Homeowners Guide to
Landslides
O Landslides in the Landscape
O SIGNS OF LANDSLIDE ACTIVITY:
O Cracks in soil.
O Tilted or bent trees.
O Increased spring activity or newly wet ground.
O Hummocky or uneven terrain.
O Sagging or taut utility lines.
O Sunken or broken road beds.
O Movement of soil away from foundations.
O Leaking or broken water pipes.
 I. Homeowners Guide to
Landslides
O Reduce Your Risk
O ● Drain water from surface runoff, downspouts, and driveways well
away from slopes
O ● Consult with a professional before significantly altering existing
slopes uphill or downslope of your home
O ● If you suspect you are on a landslide, contact a licensed
engineering geologist or a geotechnical engineer for an evaluation
O ● Don’t add water to steep slopes
O ● Avoid placing fill soil on or near steep slopes
O ● Avoid placing yard waste or debris on steep slopes
O ● Avoid excavating on or at the base of steep slopes
 II. Varne’s Classification of Landslides
(Classifies landslides according to material
and type of movement)
O• Falls are abrupt movements of masses of
geologic materials, such as rocks and boulders
that become detached from steep slopes or
cliffs. Separation occurs along discontinuities
such as fractures, joints, and bedding planes
and movement occurs by free-fall, bouncing,
and rolling. Falls are strongly influenced by
gravity, mechanical weathering, and the
presence of interstitial water.
 II. Varne’s Classification of Landslides
(Classifies landslides according to material
and type of movement)
O TOPPLES: Toppling failures are
distinguished by the forward rotation
of a unit or units about some pivotal
point, below or low in the unit, under
the actions of gravity and forces
exerted by adjacent units or by fluids
in cracks.
 II. Varne’s Classification of Landslides
(Classifies landslides according to material
and type of movement)
O SLIDES: Although many types of mass
movements are included in the general
term “landslide,” the more restrictive
use of the term refers only to mass
movements, where there is a distinct
zone of weakness that separates the
slide material from more stable
underlying material. The two major types
of slides are rotational slides and
translational slides.
 II. Varne’s Classification of Landslides
(Classifies landslides according to material
and type of movement)
O LATERAL SPREADS: Lateral spreads
are distinctive because they usually
occur on very gentle slopes or flat
terrain. The dominant mode of
movement is lateral extension
accompanied by shear or tensile
fractures.
 II. Varne’s Classification of Landslides
(Classifies landslides according to material
and type of movement)
O FLOWS: There are five basic categories of flows that differ from one another in
fundamental ways.
O Debris flow: A debris flow is a form of rapid mass movement in which a
combination of loose soil, rock, organic matter, air, and water mobilize as
slurry that flows downslope.
O Debris avalanche: This is a variety of very rapid to extremely rapid debris flow.
O Earth flow: Earth flows have a characteristic “hourglass” shape. The slope
material liquefies and runs out, forming a bowl or depression at the head.
O Mud flow: A mudflow is an earth flow consisting of material that is wet enough
to flow rapidly and that contains at least 50 percent sand-, silt-, and clay-sized
particles.
O Creep: Creep is the imperceptibly slow, steady, downward movement of slope
forming soil or rock.
O COMPLEX: Combination of two or more of the above types is known as a
complex landslide.
 III. A Review of the Classification
of Landslides of the Flow Type
O This parameter is used together with the Velocity Offset
parameter to convert the transducer Voltage or Current
to an Actual Velocity. The Velocity Scale specifies how
many position units equal one transducer feedback
Count. To reverse the direction of the feedback, use a
negative Velocity Scale.
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