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Requirements
• Pre-requisites
– MMB 412
– MMB 417
• If you have not cleared any of the above course you are
advised to deregister
Accreditation Status
Where have you seen this type of heat exchange and how does it work?
Typical Industrial Application of Double Pipe
Heat Exchanger
• Application include
– Power generation sector
– Chemical processing sector
– Oil and gas industry
• Power generation sector
– To optimise the effectiveness of power generation plants in a variety of
important niche
• Energy recovery
• Energy storage
• Solar thermal energy
possible?
Design Conditions
mass flow rate and temperatures. Water acts as the cooling fluid and
cooler than the outlet for the cold fluid. This is not the case in parallel
flow as the outlet of the cold will never be above the outlet of the hot
Optimisation of the Heat Transfer System
• Like most thermal fluid applications the problem can be analysed in two
sections:
This is done for the engine oil (unused) over a range of 273 K to 430 K (as
𝑚ሶ
𝑢𝑎 = equation (4)
𝜌𝐴𝑎
𝐼𝐷𝑎2 −𝑂𝐷𝑝2
𝐷𝑒 = equation (6)
𝑂𝐷𝑝
𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝐷𝑎
𝑅𝑒𝑎 = equation 8
𝜈
Note that (𝜈) is the kinematic velocity, is a fluid property and is in
(m2/s)
Having the Reynolds Numbers allows the Nusselt Numbers for the pipe
and the annulus to be calculated as demonstrated in the next slide.
Design Analysis Con
• Equation (9) is applied if the flow is laminar 𝑅𝑒 < 2200 , while
equation (10) is applied for turbulent flow 𝑅𝑒 > 10000 .
• For the combined entry length, a suitable correlation, due to Sieder
and Tabe
𝐷𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 1/3
𝑁𝑢 = 1.86 equation (9)
𝐿
Here (L) is the length of the heat exchanger in (m), Pr is the Prandtl
number (listed as a fluid property), and “n”is 3 for a fluid being cooled,
or “4”for a fluid being heated.
Note that (L) is going to require an iterative approach as it is an
unknown. Coupling equation (9) with equation (20), the length must be
iterated until the results converge.
Design Analysis Con
• Using the Nusselt numbers, the convection coefficients for the pipe
and annulus can be computed. The following equations (11), (12), and
(13) are used.
𝑁𝑢𝑝 𝑘𝑓
ℎ𝑖 = equation (11)
𝐼𝐷𝑝
ℎ𝑖 𝐼𝐷𝑝
ℎ𝑝 = equation (12)
𝑂𝐷𝑝
𝑁𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑓
ℎ𝑎 = equation (13)
𝐷𝑒
Here ℎ𝑖 is the heat transfer coefficient of the inner pipe, ℎ𝑝 being the
coefficient of the enter pipe, including the pipe wall, ℎ𝑎 being the
coefficient of the annulus, and 𝑘𝑓 is the fluid’s thermal conductivity, a
property of the fluid. Note that the convection coefficient are in
( 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 𝐾) . Having these coefficients it is possible to compute
exchanger coefficient , (𝑈𝑜 ) applying the equation 14 next slide.
Design Analysis Con
• The exchanger coefficient is given by equation (14) below:
1
𝑈0 = 1 1 equation (14)
−
ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑎
𝑇1 −𝑇2 − 𝑇2 −𝑡1
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = equation (15)
ln 𝑇1 −𝑡2 Τ 𝑇2 −𝑡1
𝑞𝑤
𝑚ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 equation (17)
𝐶𝑝𝑐
Here 𝑅𝑑𝑖 and 𝑅𝑑𝑜 are the fouling factors of the two fluids on the inner
and outer pipe respectively. Having the actual exchanger coefficient, it is
appropriate to calculate the area of the heat exchanger as demonstrated
below.
𝑞
𝐴𝑜 = equation (19)
𝑈(𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷)
Equation (20) in the next slide allows the length of the system “L” to be
computed.
Design Analysis Con
𝐴𝑜
𝐿= equation (20)
𝜋 𝑂𝐷𝑝
Note as previously state, the fact that both equation s (9) and (20) have
length in them, Microsoft Excel allows the length to be iterated until
convergence is achieve.
𝑢𝑝 𝐷ℎ
𝑅𝑒𝑝 = equation (22)
𝜈
2
𝘧𝑝 𝐿𝜌𝑝 𝑢𝑝
∆𝑃𝑝 = 𝜋𝑟 2 equation (23)
𝐼𝐷𝑝 2𝑔𝑐
𝘧𝑎 𝐿 2
𝜌𝑎 𝑢𝑎
∆𝑃𝑎 = +1 equation (24)
𝐷ℎ 2𝑔𝑐