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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO
HYDRAULICS
The branch of engineering that focuses on
the practical problems of collecting, storing,
measuring, transporting, controlling, and
using water and other liquids.
It differs from fluid mechanics, which is
more theoretical and includes the study of
gases as well as liquids
(Sci-Tech Ensiclopedia)
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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO
HYDRAULICS .. .. CONT’D
3
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO
HYDRAULICS.. .. CONT’D
Applications:
Close relation with routine activities such
as flow in pipelines and channels,
movements of air and blood in the body,
air resistance, wind loading on buildings,
jets, irrigation and etc.
The knowledge of fluid mechanics and
hydraulics is required to properly design
water supply systems, wastewater
treatment facilities, spillways, pumps,
turbines, air conditioning systems and
etc.
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1.1 BASIC UNITS AND DIMENSION
S.I UNIT
B.G UNIT
What is Fluid?
Not Water but something that
able to flow and does not have
specific form.
Divided into two (2):
1. Liquid
2. Gases/Vapor
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1.2 IDEAL AND NEWTONIAN FLUID
.. ..
CONT’D
Liquid Gases/Vapor
- Able to flow and does - Compressible
not have specific form fluid.
- Change to another
form or shape if shear
- Density of
force involved. gas/vapor is
- Assumed as different based on
uncompressible fluid. temperature and
(Compressible’s value pressure required.
has been ignored – too
small)
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1.2 IDEAL AND NEWTONIAN FLUID
.. ..
CONT’D
Ideal Fluid
Known as “Perfect Fluid”
Has four properties:
i. No internal friction (viscosity)
ii. The flow is steady i.e.: the velocity at a given
point does not change over time
iii. The flow is incompressible i.e.: the density is
constant
iv. The flow is irrotational i.e.: no angular
momentum about any point.
Although this fluid does not exist in
reality, a lot of researchers used it in
analysis and calculation of fluid.
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1.2 IDEAL AND NEWTONIAN FLUID
.. ..
CONT’D
Surface Specific
Tension, Gravity,
σ s.g
FLUID
PROPERTIES
Bulk
Relative
modulus,
density,
K
rd
Note: Value of fluid
Specific properties are
Compressibility Volume, vary in different
Vs temperatures
Viscosity
µ
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Density, ρ
The mass of substance per unit volume
(ρ=M/V)
Typical unit lb/ft³ or in S.I unit kg/m³
Specific Weight, γ
Basic rules of Weight (W) =Mg = kgms-2 =N(newton).
Whereas, 1kgms-2 = 1 N
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Relative Density, rd
ratio of the substance’s mass to the
mass density of water
Density of substance = ρsub
Density of water = ρwater
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Example 1:
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass
of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952
m3. Find the glycerin’s weight (W),
mass density (ρ), specific weight
(γ ) and specific gravity (s.g)
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
= 12.36kN/m³/9.81kN/m³
= 1.26
Answer 1 (METHOD B):
= 12.36kN/m³/9.81kN/m³
= 1.26
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TRY THIS NOW!!
A reservoir of carbon tetrachloride
(CCL4) has a mass of 500kg and a
volume of 0.315m3. Find the CCL4
weight, mass density, specific
weight and specific gravity.
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Specific Volume, Vs
Defined as the reciprocal of the
mass density or volume per unit
mass
v s= 1
ρ
SI unit is m³/kg
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Example 2:
If the specific volume of a certain gas is
0.73m3/kg, calculate its specific weight.
Answer 2:
v s = 0.73m3/kg
ρ = 1/ v s = 1/0.73 = 1.37 kg/m3
γ = ρg = 1.37kg/m3 x 9.81ms-2
= 13.44 N/m³
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TRY THIS NOW!!
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Viscosity
Property which determines the
amount of its resistance to a
shearing forces
It is due primarily to interaction
between fluid molecules.
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Dynamic Viscosity, µ
To obtain a relation for
viscosity, consider a fluid
layer between two very
large parallel plates (or
equivalently, two parallel
plates immersed in a large
body of a fluid) separated
by a distance “l”.
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Kinematics viscosity, v
defined as the ratio of dynamic
viscosity to mass density,
v = µ = dynamic viscosity
ρ density
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Example 3:
A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume
of 1000 m3 at 1 MN/m2 and a volume of 995 m3
at 2MN/m2. What is its bulk modulus of elasticity
(K)?
Answer 3:
Using K= _-dp__
(dv/ V)
= ___2 – 1______
(995-1000)/1000
= 200MPa
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Surface Tension (σ )
This property takes place at the interface
between a liquid and a gas, i.e., at the
liquid surface, and at the interface between
two immiscible liquids.
The out of balance attraction force between
molecules forms an imaginary surface film
which exerts a tension force in the surface.
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
Capillarity
When a liquid comes into contact with a
solid surface, then the adhesion
(perekatan) forces between solid and
liquid as well as the cohesion (jelekitan)
forces within the liquid must be
considered. It is also because of surface
tension of liquid.
If adhesion forces > cohesion forces, the
meniscus in glass tube will show
maximum curve ,i.e, mercury.
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..
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