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HYDRAULICS

Khairul Zaman Bin Abdul Malek


16, Aras Mezanin, Blok Akademia 2,
FKAAS
07-4564304 / 019-3484726
kzaman@uthm.edu.my

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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO
HYDRAULICS
 The branch of engineering that focuses on
the practical problems of collecting, storing,
measuring, transporting, controlling, and
using water and other liquids.
 It differs from fluid mechanics, which is
more theoretical and includes the study of
gases as well as liquids
(Sci-Tech Ensiclopedia)

 The branch of applied mechanics dealing


with the behavior of fluid at rest and in
motion. (Schaum’s)

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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO
HYDRAULICS .. .. CONT’D

 This subject is focus on scientific study


related to fluid flow in closed conduit (e.g
pipe) and open channel (e.g river).

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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO
HYDRAULICS.. .. CONT’D

Applications:
 Close relation with routine activities such
as flow in pipelines and channels,
movements of air and blood in the body,
air resistance, wind loading on buildings,
jets, irrigation and etc.
 The knowledge of fluid mechanics and
hydraulics is required to properly design
water supply systems, wastewater
treatment facilities, spillways, pumps,
turbines, air conditioning systems and
etc.
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1.1 BASIC UNITS AND DIMENSION

M (kg) MASS (BERAT) M (lb)

θ (°C) TEMPERATURE (SUHU)


θ (°F)
TIME (MASA)
T (s) T (s)

LENGTH (PANJANG) L (ft)


L (m)

S.I UNIT
B.G UNIT

Notes: Système Internationale d’Unités (SI) used Metric Unit, while


British Gravitational (BG) system used English Unit.
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1.2 IDEAL AND NEWTONIAN FLUID

 What is Fluid?
Not Water but something that
able to flow and does not have
specific form.
 Divided into two (2):
1. Liquid
2. Gases/Vapor

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1.2 IDEAL AND NEWTONIAN FLUID
.. ..
CONT’D

 Liquid  Gases/Vapor
- Able to flow and does - Compressible
not have specific form fluid.
- Change to another
form or shape if shear
- Density of
force involved. gas/vapor is
- Assumed as different based on
uncompressible fluid. temperature and
(Compressible’s value pressure required.
has been ignored – too
small)

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1.2 IDEAL AND NEWTONIAN FLUID
.. ..
CONT’D

Ideal Fluid
 Known as “Perfect Fluid”
 Has four properties:
i. No internal friction (viscosity)
ii. The flow is steady i.e.: the velocity at a given
point does not change over time
iii. The flow is incompressible i.e.: the density is
constant
iv. The flow is irrotational i.e.: no angular
momentum about any point.
 Although this fluid does not exist in
reality, a lot of researchers used it in
analysis and calculation of fluid.

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1.2 IDEAL AND NEWTONIAN FLUID
.. ..
CONT’D

Newtonian fluid/Real fluid


 (Named after Isaac Newton) is the fluid
whose stress versus strain rate curve is
linear and passes through the origin
 Constant proportionally is known as
viscosity.
 Viscosity is depends only on pressure and
temperature; also on chemical
composition of the fluid. (not on forces
acting upon it)
 Examples: Water, oil, air, gasoline
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
Density, ρ
Capillarity Specific
Weight, γ

Surface Specific
Tension, Gravity,
σ s.g
FLUID
PROPERTIES
Bulk
Relative
modulus,
density,
K
rd
Note: Value of fluid
Specific properties are
Compressibility Volume, vary in different
Vs temperatures
Viscosity
µ

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Density, ρ
 The mass of substance per unit volume
(ρ=M/V)
 Typical unit lb/ft³ or in S.I unit kg/m³

 Dependent on the temperature and


pressure of fluid
 Temperature increases, the density
decreases, specific volume increases
 Example;- the density of water is
998kg/m³ or ~ 1000kg/m³
- the density of air is 1.23kg/m3
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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Specific Weight, γ
 Basic rules of Weight (W) =Mg = kgms-2 =N(newton).
Whereas, 1kgms-2 = 1 N

 The weight per unit volume (γ=W/V , N/m³)


or, (γ= ρg , N/m³)
Where, g is acceleration of gravity =9.81 ms-2

 Example: Specific Weight of water


γ water = ρwater x g
= 1000 x 9.81
= 9810 N/m³ @ 9.81 kN/m³

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Specific Gravity, s.g


 Specific weight of substance/specific
weight of water at 4°C
s.g = γ substance / γ water at 4°C

Where, specific weight of water is 9.81kN/m³

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Relative Density, rd
 ratio of the substance’s mass to the
mass density of water
Density of substance = ρsub
Density of water = ρwater

(Formula for rd and s.g are similar if gravity’s value


is same)

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Example 1:
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass
of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952
m3. Find the glycerin’s weight (W),
mass density (ρ), specific weight
(γ ) and specific gravity (s.g)

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Answer 1 (METHOD A):


 W=mg = 1200kg x 9.81ms-2 = 11770N@
11.77 kN

 γ= W/V = 11.77kN/0.952m³ = 12.36kN/m³

 s.g = γ substance / γwater at 4°C

= 12.36kN/m³/9.81kN/m³
= 1.26
Answer 1 (METHOD B):

 ρ=m/V = 1200kg/0.952m³ = 1261 kg/m³

 γ= ρg = 1261 kg/m³ x 9.81ms-2


= 12365 N/m³ @ 12.36 kN/m³

 s.g = γ substance / γwater at 4°C

= 12.36kN/m³/9.81kN/m³
= 1.26
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TRY THIS NOW!!
A reservoir of carbon tetrachloride
(CCL4) has a mass of 500kg and a
volume of 0.315m3. Find the CCL4
weight, mass density, specific
weight and specific gravity.

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Specific Volume, Vs
 Defined as the reciprocal of the
mass density or volume per unit
mass
v s= 1
ρ
 SI unit is m³/kg

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

 Example 2:
If the specific volume of a certain gas is
0.73m3/kg, calculate its specific weight.

 Answer 2:
v s = 0.73m3/kg
ρ = 1/ v s = 1/0.73 = 1.37 kg/m3
γ = ρg = 1.37kg/m3 x 9.81ms-2
= 13.44 N/m³

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TRY THIS NOW!!

Non-vaporized liquid has a specific


volume of 0.52m3/kg, calculate its
specific weight, and specific gravity.

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Viscosity
 Property which determines the
amount of its resistance to a
shearing forces
 It is due primarily to interaction
between fluid molecules.

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Dynamic Viscosity, µ
To obtain a relation for
viscosity, consider a fluid
layer between two very
large parallel plates (or
equivalently, two parallel
plates immersed in a large
body of a fluid) separated
by a distance “l”.

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

 Now a constant parallel force F is applied to the


upper plate while the lower plate is held fixed.
After the initial transients, it is observed that the
upper plate moves continuously under the
influence of this force at a constant velocity v (in
this case v=u).
 The fluid in contact with the upper plate sticks to
the plate surface and moves with it at the same
velocity.
 Force which are needed to make a constant flow
is F = µAu
l
where µ is dynamic viscosity

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

 Therefore, μ= F/A = shear stress


u/y shear stress rate
 The shear stress acting on this fluid
layer is (τ = F/A) where A is the
contact area between the plate and
the fluid. Note that the fluid layer
deforms continuously under the
influence of shear stress.

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

 The shear stress can also shows as


τ = μ du
dy
 SI Unit = N.s/m or kg/ms or Pa.s or
Poise (10 Poise = 1N.s/m)

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Kinematics viscosity, v
 defined as the ratio of dynamic
viscosity to mass density,
v = µ = dynamic viscosity
ρ density

 SI units : m2/s or stokes


(10,000 stokes = 1 m2/s)

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Compressibility and Bulk Modulus


 All fluid are compressible when subjected
to applied forces, they will experience a
reduction in volume.
 Volume reduction in gases are much more
compressible compared to liquids. Hence,
gases are much more compressible
compared to liquids.
 Consider a sponge!!

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

 The change in volume which


accompanies the change in pressure
is given;
dp = -K dV simplify K= - dp
V dV/V
where, K is the bulk modulus of substance

 Bulk modulus is limitation for


substance to resist compressibility.

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

 Example 3:
A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume
of 1000 m3 at 1 MN/m2 and a volume of 995 m3
at 2MN/m2. What is its bulk modulus of elasticity
(K)?

Answer 3:
Using K= _-dp__
(dv/ V)
= ___2 – 1______
(995-1000)/1000
= 200MPa

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

 The bulk modulus for solids


and liquids remains fairly
constant over the ranges
of pressure and volume
changes.
 Liquids are considered
incompressible as the
volume change is very
small.
 K unit = N/m2 = Pa =
kgms-2

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Surface Tension (σ )
 This property takes place at the interface
between a liquid and a gas, i.e., at the
liquid surface, and at the interface between
two immiscible liquids.
 The out of balance attraction force between
molecules forms an imaginary surface film
which exerts a tension force in the surface.

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

 This force acts in the plane of the surface, normal


to any line drawn in the surface and its tends to
reduce the surface area of liquid body.
 Effect of surface tension is to reduce the liquid
area to minimum level and increase the internal
forces thus, surface tension force must be in
equilibrium.
 σ = 0.073 N/m for air-water interface
 σ = 0.480 N/m for air -mercury interface
 Unit : N/m
 For interior of liquid cylinder, ∆P = σ / R
 A spherical droplet ∆P = 2σ / R
 The pressure difference between 2 surfaces of
soap bubbles ∆P = 4σ / R

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

Capillarity
 When a liquid comes into contact with a
solid surface, then the adhesion
(perekatan) forces between solid and
liquid as well as the cohesion (jelekitan)
forces within the liquid must be
considered. It is also because of surface
tension of liquid.
 If adhesion forces > cohesion forces, the
meniscus in glass tube will show
maximum curve ,i.e, mercury.

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

 While, if cohesion (jelekitan) forces >


adhesion (perekatan) forces, the
meniscus will behave differently,
i.e. water

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1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID ..cont’d..

 Increasing of liquid’s level in tube can be


estimated if angle, which is between wall
and liquid are known. Here is the formula;
h= 2 σ cos φ
γr
where: φ –angle
γ – specific weight
σ – surface tension
r - radius

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