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CLINICAL QUESTION
Population
[Age], e.g., “40-year- old”
[Gender], e.g., “male”
[Treatment Status], e.g., “delayed treatment”
[Physical Condition], e.g., “healthy”
[Medical History], e.g., “with prior attacks”
[Treatment & Drug], e.g., “taking hormone replacement
therapy”
[Disease], e.g., “nonvalvular atrial fibrillation”
[Symptom], e.g., “chronic cough”
P
Example: For
persons entering a
health care
facility……
Intervention
What main
intervention are
you considering?
What do you
want to do with
this patient? What
is the main
alternative being
considered?
It is important to identify what
you plan to do for that patient.
This may include the use of a
specific diagnostic test,
treatment, adjunctive therapy,
medication or the
recommendation to the patient
to use a product or procedure.
I
Example: For persons
entering a health care
facility, is hand rubbing
with a waterless,
alcohol based
solution…..
Comparison
Therapy/Prevention
Diagnosis
Etiology
Prognosis
Meaning
Question Template for PICO
Therapy
- Questions of treatment in order to
achieve some outcome. May include
effectiveness of drugs, surgical
intervention, change in diet, counselling,
etc.
Selection of treatments
or interventions that do
more good than harm
and that are worth the
effort and cost.
Example:
P – Postoperative patients
I – Use of music therapy
C – No music
O – Reduction of postoperative pain
How Problem-based Learning (I) compared
with traditional lecture-based learning (C)
affects the critical thinking skills (O) of
nursing students (P)
P – Nursing students
I – Problem-based Learning
C – Compared with Lecture-base Learning
O – promotes better critical thinking (better
clinical judgment, less clinical error,
improved patient outcome)
For infants diagnosed with bronchiolitis
(P), will incorporating hypertonic saline
solution on nebulization (I) compared to
not incorporating (C) affect the relief of
signs and symptoms (O)?
Identification of
causes or risk
factors for
disease
Example:
Estimation of a
patient's likely clinical
course over time and
anticipation of likely
complications of
disease
Prognosis
You are a coordinator of a local support group for
smokers and planned a joint session for patients
and nurses on smoking cessation. There were 3
participants who had their second myocardial
infarction in the last 6 years. You expect questions
about smoking and subsequent heart attacks.