CONCRETE

PAVEMENT
CHAPTER 9
 9.1 Portland Cement
Portland cement is made from the combination of limestone, marl or other
calcareous materials and clay, shale or like argillaceous, substance. The different
type are as follows:
• Type I or IA (Air Entraining)
These types are for general concrete construction when the special
properties of the other four types are not required.
• Type II or IIA (Air Entraining)
This type of cement is for general concrete construction exposed to
moderate sulfate action or where moderate heat of hydration is required.
• Type III or IIIA (Air Entraining)
For highly strength concrete
• Type IV
For heat of hydration
• Type V
For high sulfate resistance
Generally, Portland cement constitute the following
chemicals:

1. Tricalcium Silicate (C3S)

2. Dicalcium Silicate (C2S)
3. Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A)
4. Tetracalcium Alumina Ferrite (C4AF)
9.2 The Concrete Pavement Characteristics
and Behavior

1. The behavior of concrete pavement slab which are subject to the

environment and loading entirely depends on the quality of the concrete and
of the underlying subgrades and base courses.
2. Concrete is strong on compression but generally weak on resisting tensile
stress.
3. Concrete like other materials expand and contracts. These are brought about
by temperature changes.
4. Exposure of concrete to different elements cause changes in length with
time of day, seasons and with variations in the weather.
5. A curl tendency of the concrete slab is very likely due to the effect of daily
seasonal and temperature.
6. The reaction and movement of the subgrade supporting the slab affects the
stability of the concrete pavement.
 9.3 Factors for the Design of Concrete
Pavement
• The design of concrete pavement assumes the following factors:
1. The pavement slab is considered beams of plain concrete.
2. Transverse cracking of concrete slab is inevitable. The designers presume
that cracks could be controlled by providing reinforcement to slab joints
with the assumption that:
a) With reinforcement, cracks o slab will be confined to weakened plain joints
spaced 4.50 to 6.00 m centers.
b) Vertical offsetting across the narrow cracks will be prevented by aggregate
interlock, or by the dowel bars.
c) With simply reinforced slabs, cracks will only appear at weakened plain
joints spaced at 12.00 m to 20.00 m intervals.
d) With continuous reinforcement, transverse joints are omitted.
3. Longitudinal cracking of slabs more than one lane whole is also inevitable.
4. Pavement slabs are supported on foundation which deflect when loaded but
recover when the load is removed.
Deterioration of concrete pavement is due to stresses brought
about by load, moistures and temperature. Distress of concrete is
generally grouped into the following categories.

1. Distortion
2. Cracking
3. Disintegration
 Distortion
Distortion is a vertical displacement of concrete slabs at joints or cracks. The
cased of faultings are:
1. Loss of slab support
2. Erosion of sub-base
For faulting to occur, there must be free water on top of the base and
pavement deflection across the joint from heavy axle loads.
 Cracking
Cracking can take many forms in concrete pavements which could be a result
of either from applied load or temperature or moisture changes. The most
common types are:
1. Corner cracks associated with excessive corner deflection.
2. Transverse cracks associated with mixture or temperature stresses, or poor
construction method.
 Disintegration
Disintegration appears in the form of durability cracking, scaling or
spalling as the result of mix design or construction related problems.
a.) D-cracking
Usually results from freeze-thaw action
b. ) Scaling
A network of shallow fine hairline cracks which extend through the upper surface
of the concrete.
c.) Spalling
Spalling of cracks or joints is the breaking or chipping of the joint edges. It is the
result from excessive stresses at joint, weak concrete, poorly designed or constructed
joints.