CONTOH BANGUNAN GEDUNG DI JAKARTA

Hotel Ritz Carlton

Graha Energi
CHILLER PLANT
 Chiller Energy Path

1. Energy input to
compressor
2. Remove heat of
compression in
condenser
3. Water warmed by
Condenser
Cooled by
Evaporation in
Cooling Tower
4. Water chilled by
expansion
of Freon in
Evaporator
5. Chilled water out to
building
air handling units
6. Expanded Freon
returned to
Compressor 6
 ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY FOR CHILLERS

1. Baseline Standards for Energy Audit

For existing buildings

Water Cooled Chilled-Water Plant

Building Cooling Load

Baseline
< 500RT ≥ 500 RT
kW/RT

Air Cooled Chilled-Water Plant/Unitary Air conditioners

Building Cooling Load

Baseline
< 500RT ≥ 500 RT
kW/RT
For new buildings
Water Cooled Chilled-Water Plant

Building Cooling Load

Baseline
< 500RT ≥ 500 RT
kW/RT

Air Cooled Chilled-Water Plant

Building Cooling Load

Baseline
< 500RT ≥ 500 RT
kW/RT

Where there is a combination of water cooled and air cooled Chilled Water Plant,
the minimumkW/RT shall be based on the air conditioning system with a largest
aggregate cooling capacity.
 SNI 6390:2011
Tabel 1 − Effisiensi minimum dari peralatan tata udara yang dioperasikan dengan listrik

CATATAN
a) Penilaian efisiensi Chiller harus mengikuti COP minimum pada kondisi beban 100%
b) Efisiensi minimum tersebut diukur pada temperatur udara luar 33°C DB untuk mesin refrigerasi
berpendingin udara (air cooled) dan temperatur air masuk kondensor 30°C untuk mesin refrigerasi
berpendingin air (water cooled)
c) TR = Ton Refrigerasi
The Energy Audit shall be carried out over the normal operating hours for the
various categories of buildings as defined below. The data required to establish the
kW/TR shall be sampled and acquired simultaneously and continuously for a
minimum of one (1) week at one (1) minute interval.

Office buildings Hotels

Monday to Friday: Monday to Sunday:
9am to 6pm 24 hours

Retail Malls Other building types

Monday to Sunday: To be determined based on
10am to 9pm the operating hours
2. Heat Balance Substantiating Test
The heat balance shall be computed over the entire normal operating hours as
defined in clause 1. with more than 80% of the computed heat balance within 5%
over a one (1) week period.

For a perfectly balanced chiller system, the heat balance can be represented by,

qcondenser = qevaporator + Winput

where qcondenser = heat rejected by condenser, kW

qevaporator = heat gain in evaporator, kW
Winput = power input to compressor, kW
The system heat balance of the Chilled Water Plant shall be computed using the
formula stated below over the normal operating hours,
• For open drive chillers, the Winput shall take into account the motor efficiency
provided by the manufacturer. An example is provided as follows:

Input power to motor (measured) = 100 kW

Motor rated efficiency (η) = 90%
Adjusted power input to compressor Winput = 100 kW x 90%
= 90 kW

• Where hydraulic losses of pumps constitute a substantial heat gain, these losses
could be accounted for. The values shall be determined from motor efficiency and
pump efficiency values provided by the manufacturer. Examples are illustrated as
follows:

(a) For chilled water pump(s) adjustment,

Motor input power (measured) = 30 kW (A)
Motor rated efficiency (η) = 90% (B)
Pump rated efficiency (η) = 80% (C)
 Hydraulic losses = (A) x (B) x [(100% – (C)]
= 30kW x 90% x (100% - 80%)
= 5.4 kW

Adjusted total input power Winput = kWi (chillers) + 5.4kW

Where kWi (chillers) = adjusted power input to compressor, kW

(b) For condenser water pump(s) adjustment,

Motor input power (measured) = 20 kW (A)
Motor rated efficiency (η) = 90% (B)
Pump rated efficiency (η) = 80% (C)

Hydraulic losses = (A) x (B) x [(100% – (C)]

= 20kW x 90% x (100% - 80%)
= 3.6 kW

Adjusted qcondenser(adj) = qcondenser - 3.6kW

Plant A – Constant Primary Chilled-Water System
A: qevaporator = m x Cp x ΔT = FM1 x Cp x (CHWR - CHWS)
B: qcondenser = m x Cp x ΔT = FM2 x Cp x (CWR - CWS)
C: Winput = kWi-1 + kWi-2 + kWi-3

where Cp = 4.19 kJ/kg oC & density of water is assumed to be 1 kg/L

Percent heat balance = [(A + C) – B] / B x 100%

Note : Hydraulic losses of pumps constituting substantial heat gain,

Winput/qcondenser may be adjusted to account for these additional heat gains.
The values shall be determined from variable speed drive losses, motor efficiency
and pump efficiency values certified by the manufacturer.
A: qevaporator = FM1 x Cp x (CHWR - CHWS)
B: qcondenser = FM2 x Cp x (CWR - CWS)
C: Winput = kWi-1 + kWi-2 + kWi-3

where Cp = 4.19 kJ/kg oC & density of water is assumed to be 1 kg/L

Percent heat balance = [(A + C) – B] / B x 100%

Note: In the event where hydraulic losses of pumps constitute substantial heat
gain, Winput/qcondenser may be adjusted to account for these additional heat gains.
The value shall be determined from variable speed drive losses, motor efficiency
and pump efficiency values certified by the manufacturer.
Plant C – Constant Primary & Variable Secondary Chilled-Water System
A: qevaporator = FM1 x Cp x (CHWR – CHWS)
B: qcondenser = FM2 x Cp x (CWR - CWS)
C: Winput = kWi-1 + kWi-2 + kWi-3

where Cp = 4.19 kJ/kg oC & density of water is assumed to be 1 kg/L

Percent heat balance = [(A + C) – B] / B x 100%

Note: In the event where hydraulic losses of pumps constitute a substantial heat gain,
these losses have to be properly accounted for. The value shall be determined from
variable speed drive losses and pump efficiency values certified by the manufacturer.
Chiller Plant efficiency is a matter of SYSTEM design and chiller performances

Average Energy Consumption break down on HVAC side

 Primary/Secondary System

Secondary Pumps

Typical
load
with
two
Primary Pumps
way
Common Pipe valve
 Primary (Constant Flow) / Secondary (Variable Flow)

 2 Way Valves
 Higher Capital Cost Installed (vs Constant Flow 3W Valve system)
 Lower CHW Pumping Energy (vs Constant Flow 3W Valve system)
 Well Understood & Easy to Control
 Primary/Secondary System at Design

44.0 °F 500 ton chillers

56.0 °F 1000 GPM Each
56.0-44.0°F

Secondary Pumps
3000 GPM @ 44.0 °F
56.0 °F

44.0 °F

44.0 °F
56.0 °F Typical
Coil
44.0 °F
Primary Pumps
1000 GPM Each No flow
56.0 °F
3000 GPM @ 56.0 °F
 Primary/Secondary System at Part Load

44.0 °F
75% System Load
53.0 °F

Secondary Pumps
2250 GPM @ 44.0 °F
53.0 °F

44.0 °F

44.0 °F

53.0 °F Typical
Coil

44.0 °F
Primary Pumps
750 GPM @ 44.0 °F
1000 GPM Each
56.0 °F

3000 GPM @ 53.0 °F

2250 GPM @ 56.0 °F
 Primary/Secondary System

OFF 50% System Load

Secondary Pumps
1500 GPM @ 44.0 °F
53.0 °F

44.0 °F

44.0 °F

53.0 °F Typical
Coil

44.0 °F
Primary Pumps
500 GPM @ 44.0 °F
1000 GPM Each
56.0 °F

2000 GPM @ 53.0 °F

1500 GPM @ 56.0 °F
Air Handling Unit
HVAC system

HVAC accounts for a significant portion of the energy use in commercial buildings.
In office buildings, for instance, 60 % to 80% of the electricity consumption is used
to provide HVAC.

Step1 – Data Collection

The detail layout of HVAC plant should be collected along with the design
parameters of all the HVAC equipments. The table given below shows the format for
data collection of the design parameters of HVAC equipments:
Chiller performance testing:

The operating parameters of Chiller plant has to be monitored for one day.
The supply chilled water temperature and return chilled water temperature have to be
taken. The chilled water flow and condenser water flow has to be established with the
help flow measurement take near chilled water pumps and condenser water pumps.
 Compressor motor input kW
CDW flow rate

CDW supply T CHW supply T

CDW return T CHW return T

CHW flow rate

Overview of Chiller Performance Test

 Pump Head

Water flow rate Pump motor

Input kW

Overview of Pump Performance Test

Thermometers

Speed Measurement

Manometers

Combustion Analyzer
Infra Red Camera
Digital Pressure & Flow Gage
 This non-contact flow measuring device using
Water Flow Meter Doppler effect / Ultra sonic principle. There is a
transmitter and receiver which are positioned on
opposite sides of the pipe. The meter directly gives
the flow. Water and other fluid flows can be easily
measured with this meter.

Clamp On Flow Meter The combination of highly

accurate measurement of
liquids and gases and easy
installation makes the
SITRANS F US clamp on
flow meter the perfect fit for
a very wide range of
applications and industries.
Measurement of Chiller Performance
 CENTRIFUGAL CHILLER

RECIPROCATING CHILLER

SCREW CHILLER
1. Requires Measuring the Chiller Plant Output in Tons
of Refrigeration
1 Ton = 12,000 BTU/hr
2. Measure Total Chiller Plant Input in kW Including:
■ Chiller
■ Condenser Water Pumps (do not include chilled
water pumps)
■ Tower Fan

3. Divide kW input by Tons Output =

kW/Ton of a Chiller Plant

4. C.O.P. (Coefficient of Performance) =

3.51 ÷ kW/Ton
■ Power Measurements are well understood and
straight forward.
♦ Need to remember to account for
chiller variations in power factor with
load and not to rely on amp readings
alone.
■ Actual Cooling Load cannot be
Measured Directly.
● A Flow Meter must be installed in the
chilled water supply line.
● Two Precisely Calibrated Temperature
Sensors Must be Installed.
▪ Chilled Water Supply
▪ Chilled Water Return
■ Chiller Output in Tons can now be Calculated
Tons = (chilled water return °F – chilled water
supply °F ) X Flow (gpm) ÷ 24
■ Performance in kW/Ton or C.O.P. can
be used as Benchmark.
 Determining Fouling Factor

■ Chiller Performance in kW/Ton Does Not

Substitute for Fouling Factor Calculations.

● Indicates problem or improvement but does

not pinpoint cause.
● The chiller system is so dynamic
there can be a multitude of causes or a specific
effect.
● kW/Ton can vary by the minute while Fouling
Factor only changes with thickness and
character of deposit.
Instrumentasi

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