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OPTICAL FIBER

Engr. Reymund P. Jamito


OPTICAL FIBER

• Optical fiber is flexible , transparent fiber made of silica


or plastic slightly thicker than a human hair
• It is a form guided or wired non conducting medium
• Its working is based on principle TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION
• It permits transmission over longer distances and at a
higher bandwidth than the other forms of communication
OPTICAL FIBER

Core – a centre glass core through which light passes


Cladding – a protective or insulating metal coating
Coating- Silicon Coating
Strengthening fibers- to give extra strength to cladding
Cable Jacket – usually Kevlar is used for jacket because
of its extreme strength
OPTICAL FIBER

3 Essential Types of Optical Fiber

1. Plastic Core and Cladding


2. Glass Core and Plastic Cladding (called PCS fiber or plastic-clad silica)
3. Glass Core and Glass Cladding (called SCS or silica-clad silica)
OPTICAL FIBER

Plastic Core and Cladding

Advantages:
• More flexible and more rugged than glass
• Easier to install
• Can withstand stress
• Less expensive
• Weigh approximately 60% less than glass
OPTICAL FIBER

Plastic Core and Cladding

Disadvantages:
• High attenuation
• Do not propagate light efficiently as glass
• Limited in short runs (LANs)
OPTICAL FIBER

PCS (Plastic-Clas Silica)

Advantages:
• Have less attenuation
• Less affected by radiation, therefore, more attractive to
military applications.
• More immune to external interference.
• Slightly better than SCS
OPTICAL FIBER

PCS (Plastic-Clas Silica)

Disadvantages:
• Difficulty in connector application due to excessive plasticity in
cladding
• Difficulty in bonding
• Insolubility in organic solvents.
OPTICAL FIBER

SCS (Silica-Clad Silica)

Advantages:
• Have the best propagation characteristics
• Easier to terminate than PCS

Disadvantages:
• Least rugged
• More susceptible to increase attenuation when exposed in radiation
OPTICAL FIBER
Fiber Optic Communication Link

Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface

The coder or converter is


a voltage to current Fiber to
Amplifier Light
Output converter that serves as Light
Decoder Detertor
an electric interface Interface
between the input and
circuitry and the light
source. It converts and
input signal voltage to
current that is used to
drive the light source.
OPTICAL FIBER

Fiber Optic Communication Link

Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface

Either an Light
Infrared Light Fiber to
Amplifier
Output Light
Decoder or LED orDetertor
Injection Laser
Interface
Diode (ILD). The amount
of light emitted by either
LED or ILD is proportional
to the amount of drive
current.
OPTICAL FIBER

Fiber Optic Communication Link

Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface

Fiber to
Amplifier Light
Output Light
Decoder Detertor
Interface
Couples light emitted by
the source into the
optical fiber
OPTICAL FIBER

Fiber Optic Communication Link

Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface

A mechanical coupler that Fiber to


Amplifier Light
couples as much as light as
Output Light
Decoder Detertor
possible from the fiber cable Interface
intro the light detector.
OPTICAL FIBER

Fiber Optic Communication Link

Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface

Converts light Fiber to


Amplifier Light
Output energy to Light
Decoder Detertor
current Interface
OPTICAL FIBER

Fiber Optic Communication Link

Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface

Required to produce and


output voltage proportional
Fiber to
Amplifier Lightto the original source
Output Light
information. The current to
Decoder Detertor
Interface
voltage converter transforms
changes in detector current
to changes in voltage
OPTICAL FIBER

Extremely Wide Bandwidth System

Certain types of fiber optic system reaches up to 40 GHz of


bandwidth with no limit in sight.
While today’s application require an even-increasing amount
of bandwidth, it is important to consider space
Constraints of many end user.
OPTICAL FIBER

Longer Distances without repeaters

The low attenuation and superior integrity found in optical


system allow much longer intervals
Of signal transmission than metallic based systems. It is not
unusual for optical systems to go over 100 km
Or about 62 miles, with no active or passive processing.
OPTICAL FIBER

Immunity to cross talk

Fiber cables are not surrounded by a changing magnetic


field, which is primary cause of cross talk between metallic
conductors located physically close to each other
OPTICAL FIBER

Immunity to Static Interference

External noise does not affect energy at the frequency of light


Immune to every kind of electromagnetic noise, even lightning.
OPTICAL FIBER

Lower Signal Attenuation

Typical Attenuation figures of a 1GHz bandwidth are 0.03db


per 100 ft. Compared to 4.0 db for both
RG-58/U coaxial cable and an x-bandwidth guide.
OPTICAL FIBER

Other Advantages of Optical Fiber

• High Carrying Capacity


• Light Weight and Smaller Size
• Lower Cost
• Conservation of Earth’s Resources
• Safety and Convenience
• Environmental Immunity
• Security
• Interfacing Cost
• Strength
OPTICAL FIBER

Optical fiber are more susceptible due to Bending

Bending the cables causes irregularities in the cable


dimensions, resulting in a loss of signal power
OPTICAL FIBER

Specialized tools, Equipment and Training

Optical fiber cables require special tools to splice and repair


cables and special test equipments to make routine
measurements.

Difficult to locate faults in optical cables because there is no


electrical continuity.

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