Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Fluids
Major Definitions
• System:
A body of matter with finite boundaries (physical
or virtual)
• Closed System:
Does not exchange matter with surroundings but
may exchange energy (heat).
• Open System:
Does exchange matter and energy with
surroundings.
Phase:
A portion of the system which has
homogeneous intensive properties and it is
bounded by a physical surface.
Interface:
Separates two or more phases. These phases
are solid, liquid(s), and gas.
Intensive Properties:
Heterogeneous System:
System made up of two or more phases in which the
intensive properties change abruptly at phase-contact
surfaces
Pure Substance
A pure substance has a homogeneous and invariable chemical
composition and may exist in more than one phase.
A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is
called a puresubstance such as water, air, and nitrogen.
Examples:
1. Water (solid, liquid, and vapor phases)
2. Mixture of liquid water and water vapor
3. Carbon dioxide, CO2
4. Nitrogen, N2
5. Mixtures of gases, such as air, as long as there is no change of
phase.
Phases of a Pure Substance
A pure substance may exist in different phases. There are
three principal phases solid, liquid, and gas.
A phase: is defined as having a distinct molecular
arrangement that is homogenous throughout and
separated from others by easily identifiable boundary
surfaces.
Process 1-2:
The temperature and specific volume will increase from the compressed
liquid, or subcooled liquid, state 1, to the saturated liquid state 2. In the
compressed liquid region, the properties of the liquid are approximately
equal to the properties of the saturated liquid state at the temperature.
Process 2-3:
At state 2 the liquid has reached the temperature at which it begins to
boil, called the saturation temperature, and is said to exist as a saturated
liquid. Properties at the saturated liquid state are noted by the subscript f
and v2 = vf. During the phase change both the temperature and
pressure remain constant At state 3 the liquid and vapor phase are in
equilibrium and any point on the line between states 2 and 3 has the
same temperature and pressure.
Process 3-4:
At state 4 a saturated vapor exists and vaporization is complete. The
subscript g will always denote a saturated vapor state. Note v4 = vg.
Process 4-5:
If the constant pressure heating is continued, the temperature
will begin to increase above the saturation temperature, 100 C
in this example, and the volume also increases. State 5 is called
a superheated state because T5 is greater than the saturation
temperature for the pressure and the vapor is not about to
condense.
Volumetric Properties of Pure Fluids
After the completion of this topic, it is expected
that students have the ability to:
Example 4:
A three-phase system of a saturated aqueous
salt solution at its boiling point with excess
salt crystals present.
PROBLEMS
How many phase rule variables must be
specified to fix the thermodynamic state of
each of the following systems?
a) A sealed flask containing a liquid ethanol-
water mixture in equilibrium with its vapor.
b) A sealed flask containing a liquid ethanol-
water mixture in equilibrium with its vapor
and nitrogen.
c) A sealed flask containing ethanol, toluene,
and water as two liquid phases plus vapor.
This is called phase diagram since all three phases
are separated from each other by three lines. Most
pure substances exhibit the same behavior.
the sublimation line separates the solid and the vapor.
at P<PTP the pure substance cannot exist in the liquid phase.
Normally (P>PTP ) the substance melts into a liquid and then
evaporates.