Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Types of hazards
• Recommendations and Suggestions
• Industrial effluent testing and treatment
• Discussion on industrial accident case
studies
• Questions
• References
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INTRODUCTION
Industrial hazards:
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Physical
Pollution Chemical
HAZARDS
Electrical Biological
Mechanical
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Physical Heat
Hazards & Cold
Heat cramps
Preventive Measures
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Heat
and
Cold
Physical
Hazards
Noise
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Noise have two type of effects
Auditory
Non auditory effects
Preventive measures
a. At source:
• Source of noise can be enclosed with an insulation
material or concrete wall.
• Proper maintenance of machinery
b. By distance
c. Personal protection against noise.
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Equipment noise sources ,level & potential control solutions
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Equipment noise sources ,level & potential control solutions
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Heat &
Cold
Physical
hazards
Radiation Noise
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Radiation
Radiation are divided into two groups
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Effect of hazards
Somatic
Genetic
i. Preventive measures
ii. Radiation source should be housed in a building
that shields any surrounding area.
iii. Radiation badges should be worn.
iv. Periodical medical examination.
v. Proper use of lead shields & lead rubber aprons.
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Heat &
Cold
Radiation
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Fire & explosion hazards
Causes
Smoking in the factory
Defective heating equipment, electrical equipment &
wiring.
Explosive gas leakage.
Inadequate protection of electric motors
Sparking of electric wires & equipment
Protection & prevention
Types of fire
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Fire & explosion hazards
Preventive measures
• Prohibition of smoking in manufacturing areas.
• Oxygen present in the inflammable atmosphere may
be ↓by dilution with gases such as nitrogen, co2,steam
or combination of these.
• Hazardous operation should be isolated
• Eliminating the ignition sources
• Using fire resistant material in construction
• Suitable emergency exits
• Adequate venting
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Fire & explosion hazards
• Automatic sprinklers
• Equipment should design to meet the specifications &
code of recognized authorities., such as ASME
• The design & construction of pressure vessels &
storage tanks should follow ASME codes.
• Inspection
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Local Inhalation
Ingestion
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Source, effect & precautions of chemical hazards
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PREVENTIVE MEASURES
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Biological hazards
• Disease due to biological hazards
Brucellosis (dairy industry)
Byssinosis (textile industry)
Bagassosis (sugar-cane)
Loco motor disorder
• Preventive measures
Periodic health check up
Personal protection
The manufacturer should also provide
First aid facilities
Initial examination
Facility for vaccination
Routine sanitation programme
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Mechanical hazards
• Accidents usually take place by the combination of unsafe
condition & carelessness.
• Most of industrial accidents are due to
Faulty inspection
Inability of employee
Poor discipline
Lack of concentration
Unsafe practice
Mental & physical unfitness for job
Faulty equipment or improper working condition
Improper training regarding the safety aspects
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Mechanical hazards
•In order to prevent mechanical accidents factories act
lays down certain requirements
For cranes
End buffers
Indicating lamps
Signals
Proof loading
upto20 tons 25% in excess
20 to 50 tons 5 tons in excess
above 50 tons 10% in excess
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Mechanical hazards
Preventive Building
measures planning
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Building planning
• Floors must be of unskid/non-slippery type.
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Building planning
Building
planning
Preventive
measures
Safe
material
handling
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Safe material handling
• Careless handling of heavy materials and components
should be avoided.
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Electrical hazards
• Shocks
• Sparking
• Fire
• Wiring faults
Preventive measures
Proper maintenance of wiring & equipment
High voltage equipment should be properly enclosed
Good house keeping
Water should not be used for dousing electric fire
Worker should avoid working in electric circuits or
equipment in wet clothing or shoes.
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Pollution hazards
• Types
a. Air pollution
b. Water pollution
c. Thermal pollution
d. Sound pollution
Air pollution
• Sources
Automobiles
Industries
Domestic
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Preventive measures
i. Those suitable for removing particulate matter
a. Ventilation
Exhaust ventilation
Plenum ventilation
b. Air purifying equipment
ii. Those associated with removing gaseous pollutants
Water pollution
1. Types of water pollutants
Physical
Chemical
Physiological
Biological 32
Preventive measures
2. Problems of water pollution
3. Preventive measure
a. Control of water pollution
i. Physical treatment
Storage
Filtration
ii. Chemical treatment
iii. Biological treatment
b. Treatment of industrial waste
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
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Preventive measures
c. Thermal pollution
• Effects
Damage to aquatic environment
Reduction in assimilative capacity of organic waste
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Classification of signs according to use –
(1) Danger signs.
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2) Caution signs. (i)
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(3) Safety instruction signs
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(4) Biological hazard signs.
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Pictograph
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Signal Word
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Tag
Tag means a device usually made of card, paper, pasteboard,
plastic or other material used to identify a hazardous
condition.
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Danger Tags
Danger tags shall be used in major hazard situations
where an immediate hazard presents a threat of death
or serious injury to employees. Danger tags shall be
used only in these situations.
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Caution Tags
Caution tags shall be used in minor hazard situations
where a non-immediate or potential hazard or unsafe
practice presents a lesser threat of employee injury.
Caution tags shall be used only in these situations.
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Warning Tags
Warning tags may be used to represent a hazard level
between "Caution" and "Danger," instead of the
required "Caution" tag, provided that they have a
signal word of "Warning," an appropriate major
message
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Biological Hazard Tags
The symbol or design for biological hazard tags shall
conform to the design shown below:
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Color Coding-Danger Tag
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Color Coding-Warning Tag
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Biological Hazard Tag
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD -- Fluorescent orange or
orange-red, or predominantly so, with lettering or
symbols in a contrasting color.
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Industrial effluent testing and treatment
• Effluent is an out flowing of water from a natural body
of water, or from a man-made structure.
• Water pollution or waste water discharge from the
industrial facilities.
REASON For TESTING
• To find out
-Pollution level
-Presence of toxic ingredients
-Color, turbidity, odour and quality of water
-pH and acidity / alkalinity
-Suspended solids and dissolved solids
-Phenolic compounds and oily materials
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GUIDELINES FOR TESTING EFFLUENTS
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THE RESULTS OF TESTING ARE REPORTED
AS FOLLOWS:
Mercury
-treated with nitric acid and potassium -Coagulation
dichromate soln- treated with tin chloride
-chelation with
Vapour determined by spectrophotometry trimercaptotriazine
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BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
• 10 mg/litre or less
• Excess makes water toxic
MEASUREMENT
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Dissol oxy in ppm (mg/ltr) = N(V) (8) (1000)
V1
V = Volume of sodium thio sulphate required.
N = Normality
V 1= Volume of sample taken.
(V1-V2) x N x 8 x100
• COD(mg/l) =
Where, X
V1 = Volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution
consumed in blank
V2 = Volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution
consumed for test solution
X= Volume of sample taken
N= Normality of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution 57
Limit for Discharge into Systems
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Primary Treatment of Waste Water
• Removal of large floating or suspended particle by
physical and chemical treatment
Screening
• Large particles are removed
• Coarse screen of metal bars or heavy wires spaced 25-50
mm apart
• Finer materials are separated by screening through 0.8-6
mm meshes
Grit Chambers
• Removal of particles by centrifugal action and friction
against tank walls
• Diffused air used for mixing pattern
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Primary Treatment of Waste Water
• It is used
To prevent any damage to equipment
To avoid settling in pipe bends
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Primary Treatment of Waste Water
Chemical Reaction
• Involves agglomeration of tiny particles into large
particles
Flocculation
-by mechanical stirring and by chemical flocculants
Precipitation
-Large amount of suspended solid formed
Coagulation
-Formation of large and quick settling flocs by
a) Reduction of charges and repulsive force
b) Adsorption on long chain molecular structure
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Secondary Treatment of Waste Water
• It is a biological process
• C, H, and O sources are available
• Nitrogen should be 5% of the BOD
• Phosphorus should be 20% of mass of nitrogen
• Environmental conditions are provided
Advantages
• Continuous waste treatment is favored
• Low cost system
Disadvantages
• Prior prediction of biological degradability is not possible
• Solubility limits biodegradability
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Secondary Treatment of Waste Water
Activated Sludge Process
• Microbial Floc is suspended in tank
• Air is continuously supplied
• Biological degradation of waste into CO2 and H2O
• Bacterial flora grows and remains suspended in the form
of floc called as “activated sludge”
• 20% of sludge is recycled
• 6 to 24 hours aeration is required
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Secondary Treatment of Waste Water
• Advantages
-Removal of soluble organic substance, colloidal
matter, particulate matter, inorganic substance
-Produce high quality effluent
• Disadvantage
-Maintenance cost is high
-Growth of anaerobic bacteria fungi etc
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Activated Sludge Process
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Trickling filtration process
• Microorganisms are attached to fixed bed
• It acts as a filter
• Bed is maintained at height of 2.5 meter
• Gelatinous film is formed
• Effluent is sprayed over the surface
• Slots at the bottom for air inlet
• Aerobic metabolism occur on the surface
• Anaerobic metabolism occur at the bottom
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Trickling Filtration Process
Advantages
• Produce effluent of consistent quality
• Aerobic and anaerobic digestion are achieved
• More economical
• Sludge can be removed quickly
Disadvantage
• Cost for ventilation duct for air supply is high
• Efficiency decreases in the winter
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Secondary Treatment of Waste Water
Oxidation Ponds
• Depth should be 1 to 2 meters.
• Bottom and sides are lined with polyethylene, cement.
• Oxygen released by algae, carbon dioxide generate from
biodegradative
• Aerobic oxidation producing carbon dioxide and water.
Advantage:
• Operation is simple and economical.
Disadvantages:
• Required disinfections
• Use for wastes having low BOD.
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Tertiary Treatment Of Waste Water
• Meant for polishing the effluents.
• Bacteria are removed by keeping in maturation
ponds.
• Chlorinated, if still contain bacteria.
• Methods are more expensive than biological
treatment.
Coagulation :
• Reaction take place upon addition of the
coagulants.
-Metal salts
-Organic Polymers
• In water, form insoluble product with impurities.
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Tertiary Treatment Of Waste Water
Coprecipitation :
• Ions in solution phase precipitate with the carrier
molecule by
-Adsorption Process
-Inclusion Process
Filtration
• Most common type in addition to disinfection.
• Practiced prior to the chlorination.
• Should be done after coagulation.
• May be made up of sand, activated charcoal.
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Tertiary Treatment Of Waste Water
Adsorption
• Involves treatment with activated carbon.
• Useful for removal of pesticides
REFRENCES
• Pharmaceutical Production and Management By C. V. S. Subrahmanyam
• www.geocities.com
• www.britannica.com
• http://nptel:iipm.ac.in
• www.waste_management_world.com
• www.osha.gov
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