Escolar Documentos
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Research Process
Types of research
Primary Data & Secondary Data
Learning Outcomes
The research process
Types of Research, Concepts etc
1.Types/classifications of research
2.Quantitative/Qualitative and mixed research
3.Theory, concepts, propositions
4 Deductive/inductive reasoning
5.Introduction to variables and hypothesis
6.Primary and secondary data
I have to write a
research paper.
Where do I even
begin?
Applied Research
Descriptive
Explanatory
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh
Exploratory Research
Exploratory research : Discover ideas/insights
• Takes place where there is little or no prior knowledge
of a phenomenon.
• Conducted about a research problem when there are
few or no earlier studies to refer – gaining insights or
familiarity – looks for ideas or patterns
• Include interviews, case study - qualitative
Eg: Exploratory study of skills employers seek in fresh graduates today
Exploratory research on adoption of artificial intelligence in
customer support
Causal/Explanatory research
This type of research is involved in explaining
why something happens, and assessing
causal relationships between variables.
Eg: The relationship bet. Motivation and Performance
Hypothesis
Premise
Specific
Observation
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Approaches to Research (cont.)
2. Deduction (Deductive Reasoning)—deductive
reasoning relies on specifics are inferred from general
principles/theory to arrive at valid conclusions.
– Premise 1: All regular employees can be trusted not to steal.
– Premise 2: Mr. Khairul is a regular employee.
– Conclusion: Mr. Khairul can be trusted.
Theory
Hypothesis
Obvervation
Confirmation
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research methods
Research choices
34
Case Study
• A case study is an in-depth investigation of an
individual subject.
• Case studies can be done on any subject or
topic
Example:
Foreign workers problems in the plantations
located in Borneo
SECONDARY DATA:
Data that have been previously collected for
some purpose other than the problem at hand.
Included among secondary data are reports
available in the libraries/ internet, magazines,
newspapers etc.
Research No
project on problem!
the ……….?
Fabrication
- the actual making up of research data
and (the intent of) publishing them
Falsification
- manipulation of research data
- omitting critical data or results
Plagiarism
- the act of taking credit (or attempting to
take credit) for the work of another
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh
ESOMAR International Code on Market, Opinion and
Social Research and Data Analytics
• A comprehensive framework for self-regulation for
those engaged in market, opinion and social
research and data analytics.
1. When collecting personal data from data subjects for the purpose of
research, researchers must be transparent about
• the information they plan to collect,
• the purpose for which it will be collected,
• with whom it might be shared and in what form.
3. Researchers must always behave ethically and not do anything that might
harm a data subject or damage the reputation of market, opinion and social
research.
Quantitative
1. Entrepreneurship barriers and entrepreneurial
inclination: A quantitative study among Malaysian
postgraduate students
2. Behavioral finance towards future investment decision
among: A quantitative study among Accounting
undergraduates in K. Lumpur
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh