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Structure of Language
Information Conveyed by Speech
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Affective quality: The speech signal can convey
a great deal of information about the emotional
state and attitude of the speaker.
Q: Can we go out for ice cream?
A: No. [I’m sorry, but we can’t right now.]
A: No. [NO! For the last time NO!]
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Personal quality:
What is morphology?
-Rules for creating running from run, personable from
person, unbelievable from believe, etc.
How do we know these are rules at all? Suppose
speakers just memorize these word forms
separately?
I’m getting tight in my chestal area.
Untach everything except the looker and that snapper.
I’ve redorkulated.
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How do we know that syntax and semantics are
different (i.e., distinct or autonomous)?
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. [Chomsky]
-What’s right and what’s wrong?
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Tree structures apply at all levels:
• Sentences branch into phrases.
• Phrases branch into words.
• Words branch into morphemes.
• Morphemes branch into feet, syllables,
and phonemes.
• Phonemes branch into features (e.g.,
voicing, place, manner).
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M. Goose Recursion
This is the house that Jack built.
This is the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house
that Jack built.
This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that
lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat
that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.
This is the cow with the crumpled horn that tossed the
dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the
malt that lay in the house that Jack built. 11
Examples of grammatical tree structures. These trees
are: (1) hierarchically organized (S is at the top,
NP+VP come next, etc.) and (2) recursive (trees
branch into trees, etc.; e.g., note that the NP
branches into a pronoun and another sentence).
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Words also have an internal structure. Note that we
see another tree with subdividing branches. 13
Tree Structure for a
Noun Phrase
The details here are
not really the point –
notice that stuff
branches into stuff,
which branches into
other stuff … (The details
should make you happy that
you’re not a linguist, but I’m
sure you already were.)
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Even at the phonetic level, we see a tree structure. Here we
see the tree structure of a consonant, with a voicing branch, a
place branch, and 3 branches specifying manner (+nasal,
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+sonorant, +continuant).
Tree Structure for a Word
The word is organized into a foot.
The foot is organized into a syllables.
The syllable is organized into onset and rhyme components.
Onset and rhyme are organized into consonant & vowel phonemes.
Phonemes are organized into features that specify the articulatory
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properties of the segment.