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Objectives
• Compare period and group trends of several
properties
• Relate period and group trends in atomic radii
to electron configuration
Atomic Radius
• The electron cloud surrounding the nucleus is
based on probability and does not have a
defined edge
• Atomic size is determined by how closely an
atom lies to a neighboring atom.
Trends within periods
• In general, there is a decrease in atomic radii as
you move left to right across a period
• This is caused by the increasing positive charge in
the nucleus and the fact that the principal energy
level stays the same.
• Because the electrons are in the same energy
level, there is no “sheild” from the increased pull
of the nucleus.
• The result is that the increased nuclear charge
pulls the outermost electrons closer to the
nucleus.
Look at the trend within the periods.
Trends within groups
• Atomic radii generally increase as you move
down a group.
• Moving down a group the outermost orbital
increases in size along with the increasing
principal energy level.
• The nuclear charge increases, but the
electrons are in a larger energy level with
more other levels “shielding” in between.
Look at the trend within groups.
Summarize this trend with arrows and
descriptive words.
Practice Problems
• For each of the following pairs, predict which
atom is larger?
– Mg, Sr
– Sr, Sn
– Ge, Sn
– Ge, Br
– Cr, W
Ionic Radius
• When an atom gains or loses electrons, it
becomes an ion.
• Because an electron is negatively charged,
atoms that lose or gain acquire a net charge
– If an atom loses electrons it becomes _________
– If an atom gains electrons it becomes _________
Ionic Radius Continued
• When an atom loses electrons, they always
become smaller.