Antenna System-63

GBC_008_E1_1 Antenna System
ZTE University
GSM-BSS Team
Objective
By the end of this course, you will be able:

 To Understand the concept of dipole
 To state GSM antenna specifications
 To comprehend the principle of antenna
selection
Content
Antenna overview
Antenna specifications
Principle of antenna selection

Antenna overview
Radio Waves
 A form of electromagnetic radiation typically generated as

disturbances sent out by oscillating charges on a
transmitting antenna
Blah blah
blah bl ah
Antenna overview
Definition
 An Antenna is any
device used to collect or
radiate Electromagnetic
Waves
Antenna overview
Generation of radio waves
DIPOLES
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole
1800MHz ：166mm
900MHz ：333mm
Antenna overview
Antenna for mobile communication
 Linear antennas are used:

 Monopole (Slab)
 Dipole Elements • Array of dipoles
• Single Monopole
• Patch Antenna
Base Tranceiver
Station Antenna
Mobile Phones
Antenna overview
Antenna basic structure
 Antenna are generally composed of

stacked of dipole bundling their
radiated power to form a desired
antenna pattern in vertical plains
around the antenna
 Depending on the gain desired that

wants to be achieved several of those
diploes can be arranged on top of one
another
Antenna Foundation:Halfwave Dipole
Zero current
at each end
each tiny
imaginary “slice”
of the antenna
does its share
of radiating
TX Maximum current RX
at the middle
Current induced in
receiving antenna
is vector sum of
contribution of every
tiny “slice” of
radiating antenna
Width of band
denotes current
magnitude
Antenna Gain
Attention: Antennas are

passive devices; they do
NOT amplify RF energy.
What is antenna gain? Same amount of

energy, focussed in a
On the condition of same input particular direction
power and same position of
space, the ratio between the
power radiated from the
practical antenna and from the
ideal isotropic antenna is
called the antenna gain.
Antenna overview
Half wave dipole
1个 dipole Multiple dipole matrix

Received Power：1mW Received Power：4 mW
GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

Antenna overview
Isotropic antenna
Antenna
(Overlook
“Omnidirectional array” “Sector antenna”

Received power：1mW Received power：8mW
Gain=10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi
Antenna overview
dBd and dBi
Ideal radiating dot source

(lossless radiator) 2.15dB
0dBd = 2.15dBi
Dipole
Antenna overview
dBd and dBi

ERP and EIRP
Reference
Antenna
 Effective Radiated Power (ERP and EIRP)
 apparent power in a particular direction. It is equal to A TX
actual transmitter power times antenna gain in that 100 W
direction.
 Radiated power = Input power x antenna gain
or in dB’ = dBm + dB(i or d) B

Directional TX
eg:50dBm + 4.4 dBi Antenna 100 W
EIRP = 54.4 dBm (right picture)
 ERP is expressed in comparison to a standard radiator EIRP B A (ref)
 ERP: compared with dipole antenna
A
 EIRP: compared with isotropic antenna
B
275w 100w
Antenna Gain Example
Antenna Gain
= + 18 dBi EiRP = +39 + 18 = +57 dBm
jumper
-0.5dB
Ant Input
Power = + 39dBm
-3dB Heliax
Cable
jumper
Base Station
Transmitter -0.5dB
(20 watts)
+43 dBm
Content
Antenna overview
Antenna electrical properties
 Operating Frequency Band

 Input impedance
 VSWR
 Polarization
 Gain
 Radiation Pattern
 Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth
 Downtilt
 Front/back ratio
 Sidelobe suppression and null filling
 Power capability
 3rd order Intermodulation
 Insulation
GSM antenna frequency range
Type Frequency Range

GSM 900 890 - 960 MHz
GSM 1800 1710 - 1880 MHz
890 - 960 MHz
GSM Dual Band
1710 - 1880 MHz
GSM antenna frequency range
at at
Optimum 1/2 wavelength
890 960
for dipole at 925MHz
MHz MHz
Antenna
Dipole
BANDWIDTH = 960 - 890 = 70MHz

Impedance
 Standard Value: 50
Antenna
Cable
50 ohms
50 ohms
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
Forward: 10W
50 ohms 80
ohms 9.5 W
Backward: 0.5W
Return Loss： 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
Calculation of VSWR
 VSWR1.5
  = (VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)
 ReturnLoss = -20lg 
Polarization
Vertical Horizontal
+ 45degree slant - 45degree slant

Space diversity
Polarization diversity
V/H (Vertical/Horizontal) Slant (+/- 45°)

Types of antenna
Linear Polarization,vertical
X Polarization, 45
Antenna Radiation Pattern
 The first basic function of antenna is to radiate energy to

outer space.
 The second basic function is to radiate most of energy to
the desired direction.
 But in fact, the practical radiation is very complex, it is
called: “radiation pattern”
Beamwidth
 The radiation pattern has several lobes; the strongest is called the
main lobe and the others are side lobes.
 From the peak of the main lobe, the radiation will become weaker
and weaker as it spreads to the side. The angle between two
position which is 3dB below the peak is called beamwidth or half-
power angle.
 The narrower the beamwidth, the better of concentration of the
radiation and the higher of the gain.
3dB Beamwidth
Peak - 3dB
60° (eg) Peak
Peak - 3dB
Horizontal 3dB Beamwidth
 Directional Antenna：65°/90°/105°/120 ° Omni：360°

Horizontal 3dB Beamwidth
Typical 90
3dB
beamwidth
sketch map
 20,30 beamwidth antennas are mostly used in narrow

areas such as a highway；65 are usually used in city area，
90s are used more in suburbs and countryside.
Vertical 3dB Beamwidth
 48°,33°,15°,8°，are some common values for the vertical
3dB beamwidth.
 If the vertical beamwidth is small, then we can control the

coverage by adjusting the downtilt.
Directional ： Omni：
Bandwidth
3dB Beamwidth 10dB Beamwidth
Peak - 3dB Peak - 10dB
60° (eg) Peak 120°

Peak
(eg)
Peak - 3dB Peak - 10dB

3dBm horizontal beamwidth

 Directional Antenna：65°/90°/105°/120°
 Omni：360°
Omni-directional Directional
3dBm vertical beamwidth
Antenna structure types
Antenna down tilt
 Mechanical down tilt
 Electrical down tilt
 Adjustable electronic down tilt

Mechanical down tile
 It is achieved by physically tilting the

antenna out of the perpendicular by
using down tilt kit
 PROS: Cost efficient and flexible
 CON: Has no effect on the side-lobe

characteristics of the antenna
Electrical down tilt
Input Signal
 Electrical downtilt can be fixed or adjustable

 Fixed is tuned by the manufacturer
 Adjustable allows adjustment in a certain level on the rear of
the antenna
Down tilt
Non down tilt Electronic downtilt Mechanical

downtilt
Electronic and Mechanical Downtilt
Antenna tilt development

Downtilt Adjustment
 In general, the original downtilt can be calculated：

 θ= arctan (h/R)＋A/2
 θ—antenna downtilt
 h—antenna height
 R—cell coverage radius
 A---antenna vertical 3dB beamwidth
 In this formula, the main lobe of antenna will point to
the edge of cell coverage.
 Actually, the antenna will often need downtilt
adjustment during optimization to ensure the real
coverage does not go too far or too near.
FRONT-TO-BACK Ratio
 Ratio of maximum mainlobe to maximum sidelobe
Back power Front power
F/B = 10 log(FP/BP) typically ： 25dB

Up Sidelobe Restraint
 Usually, the up sidelobe energy is not used. So we

perform restraint on the up sidelobe.
UP SIDELOBE (dB)
DOWN SIDELOBE
(dB)
Upper sidelobe suppression and null fill

Upper sidelobe suppression and null fill

Intermodulation
 It occurs when two signals of a different frequency mix in a non-

linear device
 It can be a problem at any site that has two or more transmitters
 It can be caused by a transmitter of the same system or by a
transmitter in another site that is co-sited or has a site in the
neighborhood
IMD@243dBm
f1, f2, 2f1-f2, 2f2-f1
913 MHz 936 MHz 959 MHz 982 MHz

Permitted Power
• Continuous :25-1500watts
• Depends on the carriers number

and the power of the carriers
Isolation
10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB
1000mW ( 1W) 1mW

Antenna mechanical properties
 Size
 Weight
 Radome material
 Appearance and color
 Working temperature
 Storage temperature
 Windload
 Connector types
 Package Size
 Lightning Protection
Dimension
 LWH
 Length：connected with vertical bandwidth and gain
 Width：connected with horizontal bandwidth
 Height：connected with techniques adopted

Weight
 A factor that can affect transport and deployment

Radome materials
 PVC, Fiberglass
 Anti-temperature, water-proof ， anti-aging ，

weather resistant
Page
Color
 Good-looking
 Environment-protecting
Temperature range
 Operation and storage

 Typical range：-40°C — +70°C
Storage Temperature Range
` Typical value:
` -40°C — +70°C
Page
Wind Load
` Eg: 83N at 160 km/h
Page
Page
Flat Plate Area
` The smaller the

better
Page
Connector Type
` 7/16”DIN，
` N，
` SMA
` Female / Male
Page
Mast
 Mast diameter 45-90mm

Lightning protection
 Direct Ground
Antenna types
 By frequency band: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM900/1800
 By polarization: Vertical, Horizontal, ±45º linear
polarization, circle polarization
 By pattern: Omni-directional, directional
 By down-tilt: Non, mechanical, electronic
adjustment, remote control
 By function: Transmission, receiver, transceiver

Feeder cable
7/8” Main feeder

Jumper cable
1/2” （JUMPER CABLE）

Connector
7/16”DIN-F（DIN CONNECTOR）
7/16”DIN-M（DIN & N CONNECTOR）
Lightning arrestor
Rf port 2
Grounding
Accessories
 Trimming Tool or Hand Tool Kit
 Clamp
 Earthing Kit
 Wall Glands
 Hoisting Stocking
 Universal Ground Bar

Antenna system
Antenna
7/16 Din Connector

1/2 Clamp
1/2 Jumper
Tower Top 7/8“ Cable

Amplifier
7/8“ Cable
Grounding
Machine house
1/2“ Jumper Grounding clip

EMP
Grounding bar
Cabinet
Content
Antenna overview

Radio propagation in cities

 Environment features:
 Densely deployed BTS，small coverage area
 Decrease over coverage and interference, increase frequency

reuse factor
Antenna selection in cities
Polarization Dual-polarization (Installation space)
Direction Directional antenna (Frequency reuse factor)
3dB bandwidth 60~65°(Control coverage)
Gain 15-16dBi
Tilt down angle Fixed electrical tilt down

Radio propagation in suburb/rural area
 Loosely deployed BTS
 light traffic
 large coverage
Antenna selection in suburb/rural area
Polarization Both dual-polarized and vertical
directional
Direction
3dB bandwidth 90°105°
16-18dBi directional
Gain
or 9－11dBi omni
Mechanical tilt down; 50m high; null fill

Tilt down angle
Radio propagation in road/highway environment
 Low traffic
 Fast moving subscribers
 Focus on coverage.
 Strip coverage
 Two sectors
 Omni-cell when pass

towns or tourist site
Antenna selection for highway
Narrow beamwidth directional

Direction
3dB bandwidth 30°
18dBi－22dBi
Gain
Tilt down angle No tilt down

Radio propagation in mountainous environment
 Block by mountains
 Big propagation loss
 Difficult to cover
Antenna selection in mountainous area
Direction Omni or directional
3dB bandwidth Big 3db verticle bandwidth
Omni (9-11dBi）
Gain
Directional (15-18dBi）
Tilt down angle Null fill & electrical tilt down

Antenna Development
Wide frequency band

Multi-function
High integration
Page
+45/900 -45/900
C 900/1800 C 900/1800
+45/900 +45/1800 -45/900 -45/1800 +45/1800 -45/1800
Page
ONE ANTENNA FOR MULTIPLE BANDS
^ 870-960MHz and 1710-1880MHz

^ Extended band option with 806-960MHz
^ Dual slant ±45º polarisation
^ 65º horizontal beamwidth
^ Band independent Teletilt™ control
^ 17dBi gain in both bands
^ Diplexed or Non-Diplexed versions
^ Mechanical downtilt mounting option

Antenna System-63

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GBC_008_E1_1 Antenna System

By the end of this course, you will be able:

Principle of antenna selection

 A form of electromagnetic radiation typically generated as

Generation of radio waves

Antenna for mobile communication

 Linear antennas are used:

 Dipole Elements • Array of dipoles

Antenna basic structure

 Antenna are generally composed of

 Depending on the gain desired that

Attention: Antennas are

What is antenna gain? Same amount of

Half wave dipole

1个 dipole Multiple dipole matrix

GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

“Omnidirectional array” “Sector antenna”

dBd and dBi

Ideal radiating dot source

dBd and dBi

 Radiated power = Input power x antenna gain

or in dB’ = dBm + dB(i or d) B

Antenna electrical properties

 Operating Frequency Band

GSM antenna frequency range

Type Frequency Range

GSM antenna frequency range

BANDWIDTH = 960 - 890 = 70MHz

 Standard Value: 50

Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)

Return Loss： 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB

+ 45degree slant - 45degree slant

V/H (Vertical/Horizontal) Slant (+/- 45°)

 The first basic function of antenna is to radiate energy to

60° (eg) Peak

 Directional Antenna：65°/90°/105°/120 ° Omni：360°

 20,30 beamwidth antennas are mostly used in narrow

 If the vertical beamwidth is small, then we can control the

3dB Beamwidth 10dB Beamwidth

Peak - 3dB Peak - 10dB

60° (eg) Peak 120°

Peak - 3dB Peak - 10dB

3dBm horizontal beamwidth

3dBm vertical beamwidth

Antenna structure types

Antenna down tilt

 Mechanical down tilt

 Electrical down tilt

 Adjustable electronic down tilt

Mechanical down tile

 It is achieved by physically tilting the

 PROS: Cost efficient and flexible

 CON: Has no effect on the side-lobe

Electrical down tilt

 Electrical downtilt can be fixed or adjustable

Non down tilt Electronic downtilt Mechanical

Antenna tilt development

 In general, the original downtilt can be calculated：

 Ratio of maximum mainlobe to maximum sidelobe

Back power Front power

F/B = 10 log(FP/BP) typically ： 25dB

 Usually, the up sidelobe energy is not used. So we

Upper sidelobe suppression and null fill