GROUP MEMBERS:

Jehan Jore
Mayet Relampagos
Mary Mae Alquizar
Ernesto Sandigan
SOILS
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
(i) Grain Size
Classification
System for Soils

In this system the terms

clay, silt, sand and
gravel are used to
indicate only particle
size and not to signify
nature of soil type.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
(ii) Textural
Classification of Soil

This system specifically

names the soil
depending on the
percentage of sand, silt
and clay. The triangular
charts are used to
classify soil by this
system.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL

(iii) AASHTO classification system of Soil

Soil having fine fractions are further classified based

on their group index. The group index is defined by the
following equation.

Group index = (F – 35)[0.2 + 0.005 (LL – 40)] + 0.01(F

– 15)(PI – 10)

F – Percentage passing 0.075mm size

LL – Liquid limit
PI – Plasticity index
CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL

(iv) Unified Soil Classification System

Is a soil classification system used in engineering and

geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil.
The classification system can be applied to most
unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-
letter symbol.
 CLASSES OF SOIL
•CLASS I

IA1 and IA2 These classes consist of medium to well-

graded sands and clayey sands.
IA3 This class consists of fine grained sands, silty sands
and clayey sands that are usually less dense but exhibit
excellent bearing capacity.

•CLASS II
IIB1, IIBE, and IIB3 These classes include medium to well-
graded sandy clays and sandy silts and clays with some
mica.
IIB4 The soils in this class are similar in description to the
first three sub-groups but generally contain more mica and
are more sensitive to moisture.
 CLASSES OF SOIL

•CLASS III

IIIC1, IIIC2, IIIC3,and IIIC4. These soil classes are

comprised of medium to fine-graded Micaceous sandy
silts, Micaceous clayey silts, chert clays and shaly
clays.

•CLASS IV

This class consists of highly organic soils or peat,

muck and other unsatisfactory soils generally found in
marshy or swampy areas.
 CLASSES OF SOIL

•CLASS V

This class consists of shaly materials which are not

only finely laminated but have detrimental weathering
properties and tend to disintegrate.

•CLASS VI

This class consists of rock or boulders which cannot

be readily incorporated into embankment by layer
construction and which contain insufficient material to
fill the interstices when they are placed.
 dETERMINATION OF SOIL
PLASTICITY INDEX

•Plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of

a soil. The plasticity index is the size of the range of water
contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI is
the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit
(PI = LL-PL). Soil descriptions based on PI.

•(0)- Non plastic

•(<7) - Slightly plastic
•(7-17) - Medium plastic
•>17 - Highly plastic
 dETERMINATION OF SOIL PLASTICITY
INDEX
•Liquid limit
The liquid limit (LL) is
conceptually defined as the
water content at which the
behavior of a clayey soil
changes
from plastic to liquid.
However, the transition
from plastic to liquid
behavior is gradual over a
range of water contents,
and the shear strength of
the soil is not actually zero
Casagrande cup in action
at the liquid limit.
 dETERMINATION OF SOIL
PLASTICITY INDEX
•Plastic limit

The Plastic Limit (PL) is determined by rolling out a

thread of the fine portion of a soil on a flat, non-porous
surface. If the soil is at a moisture content where its
behavior is plastic, this thread will retain its shape down
to a very narrow diameter.

The plastic limit is defined as the moisture content where

the thread breaks apart at a diameter of 3.2 mm (about
1/8 inch). A soil is considered non-plastic if a thread
cannot be rolled out down to 3.2 mm at any moisture
possible.
 SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM USED BY
THE U.S ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

• A modification of this system, the USCS, was

adopted by the US Army Corps of Engineers and
the Bureau of Reclamation in January 1952.

• The unified soil classification system is based on

those characteristics of the soil that indicate how it
will behave as an engineering construction material.
It's properties have been found most useful for this
purpose and form the basis of soil identification.
 ASSOCIATION HAVING A SOIL
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR USE ON
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

Created by Tarzaghi and Hogentogler in 1928, it

was one of the first engineering classification
systems. Intended specifically for use in highway
construction, it still survives as the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO) system.
 FIELD TEST FOR THE DRY
STRENGTH OF A SOIL
• A field test for dry strength,which is an indication of
plasticity,begins with wetting a soil sample until it its
consistency approaches a stiff putty,and molding it into
a ball approximately 1 in. (25 mm) in diameter.After it
dries,the sample is held between the thumb and finger
of both hands and squeezed.If it does break,the soil is
highly plastic and characteristics of clays.If the sample
breaks but is difficult to cause the sections to powder
when rubbed between the fingers,it has a medium
plasticity.If the sample easily breaks down into
powder,it has low plasticity.
CHANGES TO THE VOLUME OF A GIVEN
AMOUNT OF SOIL AFTER IT HAS BEEN
EXCAVATED

•When soil is excavated and transported,

the grains loosen as air fills voids between
them,and its volume is increased.Known as
swell,it is measured as percentage of the
original volume and varies with different
types of soil.
TYPES OF WATER IDENTIFIED IN SOIL
SOIL WATER is the term for water found in
naturally occurring soil.
TYPES OF SOIL WATER
1.Gravitational Water- this water obeys the laws
of gravity and thus descends rapidly through the
dry layers, leaving a moist zone in its path.
2.Capillary Water- this water is retained by the
forces of surface tension and does not respond to
the gravitational pull. The forces are, however,
small—seldom more than a fraction of an
atmosphere depending on the diameter of the
capillaries.
TYPES OF WATER IDENTIFIED IN SOIL
3.Hygroscopic Water- this water is held on
the surface of colloidal particles by the
dipole orientation of water molecules. The
amount of hygroscopic water varies
inversely with the size of soil particles.
4.Chemically Combined Water- water that is
chemically combined in the structure of soil
minerals.This water is absolutely unavailable
to the plants and can only be driven off from
the soil by resorting to very high
temperature.
 IMPORTANCE OF SOIL LOAD
BEARING CAPACITIES
•BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
It is the ability of the soil to support the super imposed load
without excessive settlement or failure.Bearing capacity of
soil helps to support the loads applied to the ground. It has
to do with the foundation and soil.

Techniques to Improve the Bearing Capacity of Soil:

*COMPACTING OF SOIL
*REPLACING POOR SOIL
*USING GROUTING MATERIALS
*CHEMICAL STABILIZATION OF SOIL
WAYS TO MODIFIFY THE PROPERTIES OF
SOIL TO IMPROVE ITS
CHARACTERISTICS

Soil Stabilization is the alteration of soils to enhance

their physical properties. It can increase the shear strength
of a soil and/or control the shrink-swell properties of soil,
thus improving the load bearing capacity of a sub-grade to
support pavements and foundations.

Soil Stabilization can be utilized on roadways, parking

areas, site development projects, airports and many other
situations where sub-soils are not suitable for construction.
Stabilization can be used to treat a wide range of sub-
grade materials, varying from expansive clays to granular
materials
 SOIL STABILIZATION BY ADMIXTURES
SOIL STABILIZATION is a method of
improving soil properties by blending and
mixing other materials.
1. Soil stabilization with Cement
•Also known as soil cement, the cementing
action is believed to be the result of
chemical reactions of cement with siliceous
soil during hydration reaction. The important
factors affecting soil cement arena true of
soil content, compaction, curing, and
admixtures used.
 SOIL STABILIZATION BY ADMIXTURES

2. Soil Stabilization using Lime

•Slaked lime is very effective in treating

heavy plastic clayey soils. Lime may be
used alone or in combination with cement,
bitumen or fly ash. Sandy soils can also be
stabilized with these combinations. Lime has
been mainly used for stabilizing the road
bases and the subgrade.