BMCG 1523

CHAPTER 2: SKETCHING

Disediakan oleh: Muhd Ridzuan Mansor

Chapter Outline
 Introduction
 Freehand sketching technique
 Sketching Techniques
 Drawing Views
 Types of sketches and drawing
 Isometric sketches
 Orthographic sketches
 Oblique sketches
 Perspective sketches
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Introduction
 Technical sketching  basic skill for drawing  formal process to
visualize object prior to drawing on paper or CAD
 Quick method  communicate idea AND plan the drawing
 Proper technical sketch is compulsory  quicker to complete
drawing, less error
 Convert three-dimensional (3D) object into two-dimensional (2D)
surface and vice-versa

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Freehand sketching technique

Pencil points and type of lines

BS308 Part 1: Type of lines in technical drawing

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Sketching lines, circles & curves

Sketching lines

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Sketching Techniques

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Disediakan oleh: Muhd Ridzuan Mansor
Disediakan oleh: Muhd Ridzuan Mansor
Disediakan oleh: Muhd Ridzuan Mansor
Types of drawing view

Orthographic or
Multiview

Isometric/ Type of Perspective

Axonometric
drawing views

Oblique

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Orthographic view
 Presented in 2D view
 Function: Provide detail description of the product/part/component in term of
shape (profile), size (dimension), tolerance, machining requirements etc.
 Details of orthographic drawing is described in page 16 to 23 inside BS308: Part 1:
1993 standard.

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Orthographic projection
 Represent a 3-D object in 2-D.
 An orthographic projection is a system of drawings that represent different sides of an object.
 These drawings are formed by projecting the edges of the object perpendicular to the
desired planes of projection.

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Orthographic projection
 There are 2 types of are commonly used:
 1st angle projection
 3rd angle projection

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Symbols of orthographic projection

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Creating An Orthographic Projection
1. Choose a front view. This is the view that shows the most about the object.
2. Decide how many views are needed to completely describe the object. If you are unable to determine which
views will be needed, draw the standard views (front, top and right side).
3. Draw the visible features of the front view.
4. Draw projectors off of the front view horizontally and vertically in order to create the boundaries for the top
and right side views.
5. Draw the top view. Use the vertical projectors to fill in the visible and hidden features.
6. Project from the top view back to the front view. Use the vertical projectors to fill in any missing visible or
hidden features in the front view.

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Creating An Orthographic Projection
7. Draw a 45 deg projector off of the upper right corner of the
box that encloses the front view.
8. From the top view, draw projectors over to the 45 deg line
and down in order to create the boundaries of the right side
view.
9. Draw the right side view.
10. Project back to the top and front view from the right side
view as needed.
11. Draw center lines where necessary.

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Line Types Used In An Orthographic Projection
Line type Descriptions
Visible lines Visible lines represent visible edges and boundaries. The
line type is continuous and the line weight is thick (0.5 - 0.6
mm).
Hidden Line Hidden lines represent edges and boundaries that cannot
be seen. The line type is dashed and the line weight is
medium thick (0.35 - 0.45 mm).
Center Line Center lines represent axes of symmetry and are important
for interpreting cylindrical shapes. Crossed center lines
should be drawn at the centers of circles. They are also used
to indicate circle of centers and paths of motion. The line
type is long dash – short dash and the line weight is thin
(0.3 mm).
Phantom lines Phantom lines are used to indicate imaginary features. For
example, they are used to indicate the alternate positions of
moving parts, and adjacent positions of related parts. The
line type is long dash – short dash – short dash and the line
weight is usually thin (0.3 mm).
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Line Types Used In An Orthographic Projection
Line type Descriptions
Dimension and Dimension and extension lines are used to show the size of
Extension lines an object. In general, a dimension line is placed between
two extension lines and is terminated by arrowheads, which
indicates the direction and extent of the dimension. The line
type is continuous and the line weight is thin (0.3 mm).
Cutting plane Cutting plane lines are used to show where an imaginary cut
lines has been made through the object in order to view interior
features. The line type is phantom and the line weight is
very thick (0.6 to 0.8 mm). Arrows are placed at both ends
of the cutting plane line to indicate the direction of sight.
Section lines Section lines are used to show areas that have been cut by
the cutting plane. Section lines are grouped in parallel line
patterns and usually drawn at a 45o angle. The line type is
usually continuous and the line weight is thin (0.3 mm).
Break lines Break lines are used to show imaginary breaks in objects. A
break line is usually made up of a series of connecting arcs.
The line type is continuous and the line weight is usually
thick (0.5 – 0.6 mm). Disediakan oleh: Muhd Ridzuan Mansor
Rules For Line Creation And Use
1. Hidden Lines
Rule 1 The length of the hidden line dashes may vary
slightly as the size of the drawing
changes. For example, a very small part may require
smaller dashes in order
for the hidden line to be recognized.

Rule 2  Hidden lines should always begin and end with

a dash, except when the hidden
line begins or ends at a parallel visible line

Rule 3 Dashes should join at corners

Rules For Line Creation And Use
2. Center Lines
Rule 1 Center lines should start and end with long dashes.

Rule 2 Center lines should intersect by crossing either the long

dashes or the short dashes.

Rule 3 Center lines should extend a short distance beyond the

object or feature. They should not terminate at other lines of the
drawing

Rule 4 Center lines may be connected within a single view to

show that two or more features lie in the same plane. However,
they should
not extend through the space between views.
Rules For Line Creation And Use
3. Phantom Lines
Rule 1 Phantom lines should start and end with a long dash.
Exercise: Match the appropriate orthographic view for object A
to M

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Exercise 1:
Produce an Orthographic
projection according to 3rd
angle projection

Solution
Exercise 2: Sketch the plan, front and left view for the given figure according to 1st
angle projection

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Exercise:
Produce an Orthographic projection
according to 3rd angle projection

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Alignment of views

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Best practice for hidden lines

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Application of center lines

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Multi-views – How to sketch (2-views)?

STEP I: Sketch the STEP II: Sketch the STEP III: Highlight
overall layout details using the details and
construction lines create the object
lines

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Multi-views – How to sketch (3-views)?

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Choice of views to fit paper (best practice)

TIPS: Use the

whole paper size

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 Isometric sketches: How to sketch?

Lines drawn based on [1]

and [2] will be the true
length for the isometric
object

[2] Draw horizontal isometric

line at angle 30o from
[1] Draw isometric vertical (90o ) horizontal axis (x-axis)
line from horizontal axis (x-axis)

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Isometric sketch: How to?

STEP I: Sketch left- STEP II: Sketch top STEP III: Connect
plane (front view) plane (top view) all the lines with
left-plane and
create the details

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Isometric sketch: How to?

STEP I: Sketch left- STEP II: Sketch top STEP III: Connect
plane (front view) plane (top view) all the lines with
left-plane and
create the details

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Isometric sketches: How to sketch?
Top-plane ellipse

left-plane
ellipse

right-plane
ellipse
Circular shape in orthographic is
drawn as ellipse in isometric

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Isometric sketches: How to?

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Isometric sketches: How to dimension?

Dimension lines and text in isometric is

drawn parallel to the plane

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Oblique sketches

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Oblique sketch: How to?

STEP I: Sketch STEP II: Extend the STEP III: Connect

front view front view lines at all the lines and
angle 30/45/60 create the details
degree to
represent the
depth
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Perspective sketches

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Perspective sketches

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exercise 4
 Based on the
given Figure
below, using
free-hand
sketching,
produce an
Isometric
sketch.
Solution:
Exercise 4
exercise 5
Solution:
Exercise 5
exercise 6
Solution:
Exercise 6
Sketching exercise
 Based on the given Figure below, using free-hand sketching,
i. Complete the missing lines:-
ii. Produce isometric sketch
iii. Produce oblique sketch

Disediakan oleh: Muhd Ridzuan Mansor

Disediakan oleh: Muhd Ridzuan Mansor
Disediakan oleh: Muhd Ridzuan Mansor
Disediakan oleh: Muhd Ridzuan Mansor