Done by :

Sanskar and Rushil

 Clean technology (clean tech) is a general
term used to describe products, processes or
services that reduce waste and require as few
non-renewable resources as possible.
 Examples: wind power, solar energy, biofuels,
geothermal energy, nuclear energy, energy
storage, fuel efficiency, etc..
 Many of these technologies are readily • What are clean
available to reduce carbon emissions. technologies?

 They also help in efficiently using fossil fuels. • How do they effect the
environment?
 They also use low-or-no emission power
generating methods. • Why do we need cleaner
technologies?
 Even though this technology cannot bring
• How do they affect the
down carbon emissions to the acceptable
global scenario?
levels it still helps in controlling global
warming on a small scale. • Are they useful in the
current situation?
 Within governments, the priority attached
to innovation in energy R&D is falling
steadily over the years.
 Private sector spending on energy R&D is
growing rapidly over the years.
 Developed countries have been playing a
leading role in the development of
climate-smart technology, as they possess • Is it important for private
far more greater resources than other firms and governments
developing countries. to be involved in
activities leading to
 Most of these investments were innovation and
concentrated in 3 countries: China, Brazil development of low
and India. emissions technologies
 Funding for cleaner technologies has and environmentally
opportunity costs. friendly sources of
energy?
 Governments should take the effort to
promote private sector funding and
participation to increase technological
innovations in this area.
 Government funding for
energy R&D
 Fell from over 20% in 1980
to less than 4% in 2007.
 Spending on energy R&D is
a priority here.
Private funding for energy
R&D
 Estimated at $40 billion to
$60 billion a year.
 Spending on energy R&D is
not a priority here as it
represents a mere 0.5% of
the revenue, when
compared to other
industries like
electronics(8%) and
pharmaceuticals(15%).
 Subsidies encourage the production and consumption of
subsidised goods.
 When environmentally damaging production activities
are subsidised, they result in greater production which
leads to greater environmental damage.
 Examples: industrial forestry encourage commercial • How do subsidies affect
logging, resulting in destruction of forests causing loss of
natural habitat to the wildlife living there. the environment?
 Consumption subsidies are commonly imposed on fossil • Why do we need to
fuel energy, agricultural inputs and water. eliminate
 Both consumption and production subsidies are a result environmentally harmful
of ‘policy failure’ involving the pursuit of a policy for one subsidies?
purpose that creates problems in another area (here
environmental destruction).
 Subsidies should always be studied for environmental
impacts and should be eliminated accordingly.
 Subsidies are often granted to promote
the industrial sector by keeping costs
down, to promote international
competitiveness of industrial products (by
making them less expensive in
international markets through lower costs
of production).
 To support domestic fuel production to
ensure adequate domestic supply and to • What are subsidies in the
reduce reliance on foreign energy case of fossil fuels?
sources (for countries that are fossil fuel How do the governments
producers). •
around the world
 To keep fuel prices down for consumers. massively underfund the
technological innovation
 The effect of subsidies on fossil fuels are in the area of energy?
entirely inconsistent with the pursuit of
sustainable development.
 A graph is depicted on the next slide as to
how governments massively underfund
technological innovations in the area of
energy.
• How do the governments
around the world
massively underfund the
technological innovation
in the area of energy
Done by:
Sanskar and Rushil
 Policies are mainly made by national
governments.
 The overuse of common access
resources has often led to international
repercussions.
 Due to this the co-operation among
govts is very important as a method of Co-operation between
national/central
controlling and preventing negative governments of different
consequences due to exploitation of countries are necessary
certain resources, such as fossil fuels or because decisions have to
ozone layer. be made looking at the
whole planet rather than
 Co-operation among govts is very just looking at one’s nation.
important for the development of new So collaboration here would
technologies intended to deal with be very helpful.
global issues.
 Co-operation between govts can be
both global and regional.
Montreal Protocol
 One of the most successful international
collaborations for the environment is the
Montreal Protocol (signed in 1987 coming
into effect in 1989).
 The Montreal Protocol on Substances
that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an
international treaty designed to protect Collaboration is where two
the ozone layer by phasing out the or more central
production of numerous substances that governments work together
are responsible for ozone depletion. to realize or achieve a goal
 By 2009 all member states had ratified the or project successfully.
agreement and significant progress has
been made in the area of phasing out
ozone depleting substances.
Kyoto Protocol
 Another major (even though it was not that
successful) international collaborative
agreement for the environment is the Kyoto
protocol of 1997-2012.
 It’s objective was to make signatory Collaboration is where two
countries commit themselves to reduce or more central
emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse governments work together
gases over a period of 15 years. to realize or achieve a goal
 To slow down the problem of global or project successfully.
warming and climate change.
 It also contained provisions for development
of a market of tradable emissions permits,
according to which, each participating
country was to be assigned certain pollution
permits which it would be able to trade with
other countries.
Kyoto Protocol

 Many environmental specialists argued that

even if it were implemented, the agreed
reductions in emissions were too small to
have sufficient impact on the problem of
global warming.
 While there have been numerous
discussions on a successor agreement to the
Kyoto protocol, nothing concrete has
emerged as of summer 2011.
The percentage of positive
climate change that was
expected itself was to less it
was so less that it almost
made no difference. And
thus is was not considered
successful.
 A more successful regional
collaborative arrangement is the
European Union’s cap and trade
scheme for carbon, known as the
European Union Emissions Trading
System(EUETS).
Regional collaboration is
 Initiated in January 2005. when collaborative effort is
taken by all the govts. of a
 The scheme covers the sectors of power
region for a cause greater
and heat generation, oil refineries, than just politics.
metals, pulp and paper, and other
energy intensive industry.
 In this system, one permit, or EU
Allowance(EUA) permits the holder to
release 1 tonne of CO2.
 Each emitter of carbon is allocated
EUA’s, which are traded in a rapidly
growing carbon market.
Ma’am please give us 5/5!