Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Ibrahim Kocabas
Petroleum Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
Natural Gas Engineering
Concepts:
OGIP: volume of gas at time of discovery
expressed in SCF
gas reserves: volume of gas that presently
exists and can be recovered economically
expressed in SCF
recovery factor: ratio of initial reserves to
OGIP
Methods to estimate basic
quantities
The following methods are applied to
estimate
OGIP: volumetric methods, MBE
gas reserves: Volumetric methods, MBE,
decline curve analysis
recovery factor: volumetric methods,
MBE and decline curve analysis
Estimation of Gas in Place
Volumetric methods:
Voluetric methods consider
the reservoir PV at intial conditions and
at later conditions after some fluid
production and
associated pressure reduction.
V A0 2 A1 2 A2 ..... 2 An 1 An taveAn 1
a h
2
a
V
5
231 154 963 ac ft
2
V 74 99 ac ft
c 4
b
V
5
2
154 74 154 * 74 558 ac ft
3
Average reservoir pressure
1. Arithmetic average of well pressures (for
small pressure gradients and uniform
thickness)
2. Average areal pressure (large gradients
and uniform thickness)
3. Average volumetric pressure
(large gradients and noniniform thickness)
Average reservoir pressure
n
pi
Well average pressure pR 1
n
n
pi Ai
pR 0
Areal average pressure Ai
n
0
n
pi Ai hi
pR 0
Volume average pressure n
Ai hi
0
Average reservoir pressure
Average reservoir pressure
pressure drainage
well. No p*A h,ft p*A*h A*h
psia area ac
1 2,750 160 440,000 20 8,800,000 3,200
2 2,680 125 335,000 25 8,375,000 3,125
3 2,840 190 539,600 26 1,409,600 4,940
4 2,700 145 391,500 31 12,136,500 4,495
10,970 620 1,706,100 43,341,100 15,760
10970
pR 2743 psia well aveage
4
pR
1706100
2752 psia areal aveage
620
43 341100
pR 2750 psia Volume average
15760
Average reservoir pressure
Volume average pressure based on isobaric
maps superposed on isopach maps
n
pi Ai hi
pR 0
n
Ai hi
0
PV 43560 Ah ft 3
Vg 43560 Ah (1 S wi ) ft 3
43560 Ah (1 S wi )
G SCF
B gi
Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Gas remained at abandonment is
PV 43560 Ah ft 3
Vg 43560 Ah (1 S wi ) ft 3
43560 Ah (1 S wi )
Ga SCF
Bga
Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Produced volume at abondonment
Recovery factor is
Gp G Ga B gi
RF 1
G G B ga
Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Example. Given the following data calculate
Initial gas in place and recovery factor for a
volumetric dry gas reservoir
Pi=2500 psia A=1000 acres
T=180 F =20%
Swi=25% h=10 ft
Zi=0.860 Pa=500 psia
Za=0.970 ?
Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Home exercise. Given the following data
calculate
Initial gas in place and recovery factor for a
volumetric wet gas reservoir
Pi=2500 psia A=1000 acres
T=180 F =20%
Swi=25% h=10 ft
Pa=500 psia
Assume the same properties of example 1.8
Recovery Factor: water drive
dry gas reservoir
If there is a water influx, gas remained at
abandonment is
43560 Ah (1 S wa )
Ga SCF
Bga
GpG Ga Bgi S gr
RF 1
G G Bga (1 S wi )
Recovery Factor: water drive
dry gas reservoir
Assuming that non all of the reservoir is swept by
the encroaching water, the reservoir gas will be
divided into two portions.
gas remaining in the portion swept by the
water
trapped gas region because it was bypassed by
encroaching water
Thus produced gas becomes
G p G EvGa (1 Ev )Gt
Recovery Factor: water drive dry
gas reservoir
In terms of PV saturations and FVFs