W4 L1

• Organizing & Graphing Quantitative Data

– Stem & Leaf Display
– Frequency Distribution
– Histogram
– Polygon
– Ogive
– Box Plot

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 Stem & Leaf Display
• A stem and leaf plot retains (most of) the raw numerical
data.
• Each value is divided into two parts: a stem and a leaf.
• Then the leaves for each stem are shown separately in a
display.
• Shows the data pattern (e.g. outliers).
• Can detect which value is frequently repeated (mode).

• Example 9:
25 12 9 10 5 12 23 7
36 13 11 12 31 28 37 6 07: 0 = first digit (stem)
7 = second digit (leaf)
14 41 38 44 13 22 18 19
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 Stem & Leaf Display
• Example 9:
• 25 12 9 10 5 12 23 7
• 36 13 11 12 31 28 37 6
• 14 41 38 44 13 22 18 19

• Step 1: Arrange data in ascending order.

05,06,07,09,10,11,12,12,12,13,13,14,18,19,22,23,25,28,
31,36,37,38,41,44

• Step 2: Separate the data according to the first digit.

05,06,07,09 10,11,12,12,12,13,13,14,18,19
22,23,25,28 31,36,37,38 41,44
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 Stem & Leaf Display
• Step 3: Plot the stem and leaf.

• 0 5 6 7 9 Min?
• 1 0 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 8 9 Max?
• 2 2 3 5 8 Most repeated value?
• 3 1 6 7 8
• 4 1 4
Key:
1| 0 means 10

Leaf a.k.a. Trailing digit

Stem
a.k.a. Leading digit SQQS1013 W4 L1 ZZ 4
 Frequency Distribution
• A frequency distribution for quantitative data lists all the classes and the
number of values that belong to each class.
• Data presented in form of frequency distribution are called grouped data.

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 Frequency Distribution
Class boundary (real class limit ) is given by the midpoint of the upper
limit of the class and the lower limit of the next class..
• divide the sum of these two limits by 2.
400  401
• e.g.  400.5  class boundary
2
Class Width (class size):
• Class width = Upper boundary – Lower boundary
• e.g.
• Width of the first class = 600.5 – 400.5 = 200
Lower limit + Upper limit
Class Midpoint or Mark =
2
• e.g. Midpoint of the 1st class = 401  600  500.5
2

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Frequency Distribution

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 Constructing Frequency
Distribution Tables
1. To decide the number of classes, c, we use Sturges’
formula,
c = 1 + 3.3 log n,
where n is the no. of observations in the data set.
2. Class width, i
Largest value - Smallest value
i
Number of classes
Range
i
c

• class width is rounded-up to a convenient number.

3. Lower Limit of the First Class or the Starting Point

• use the smallest value in the data set.
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 Constructing Frequency
Distribution Tables
• Example 10:
• The following data give the total home runs hit by all
players of each of the 30 Major League Baseball teams
during 2004 season
•

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Constructing Frequency
Distribution Tables

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 Constructing Frequency
Distribution Tables
• Number of classes, c = 1 + 3.3 log 30
• = 1 + 3.3(1.48)
• = 5.89 ~ 6 classes
• Class width,
c shall be
242  135 rounded-up or
i
6 rounded down
 17.8
i must always be  18
rounded-up

• Starting Point = 135

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 Constructing Frequency
Distribution Tables
• Table 2.10: Frequency Distribution for Data of
Table 2.9
Total Home Runs Tally f
135 – 152
153 |||| |||| 10
153 – 170
171 || 2
171 – 188
189 |||| 5
189 – 206
207 |||| | 6
207 – 224
225 ||| 3
225 – 242 |||| 4
 f  30

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 Relative Frequency and
Percentage Distributions
• Example 11: Refer example 10.
Table 2.11: Relative Frequency and Percentage
Distributions for Table 2.10.

Relative
Total Home Runs Class Boundaries %
Frequency
135 – 152
153 134.5 less than 152.5 0.3333 33.33
153 – 170
171 152.5 less than 170.5 0.0667 6.67
171 – 188
189 170.5 less than 188.5 0.1667 16.67
189 – 206
207 188.5 less than 206.5 0.2000 20.00
207 – 224
225 206.5 less than 224.5 0.1000 10.00
225 – 242 224.5 less than 242.5 0.1333 13.33
Total 1.0 100%

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 Histograms
• A histogram is a graph in which classes are marked on
the horizontal axis and either the frequencies, relative
frequencies, or percentages are marked on the vertical
axis.
• The frequencies, relative frequencies or percentages are
represented by the heights of the bars.
• In histogram, the bars are drawn adjacent to each other
and there is a space between the y-axis and the first bar.

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 Histograms
Example 12 : Refer example 10.

y axis

classes

Space!

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 Polygon
A graph formed by joining the midpoints of the tops of
successive bars in a histogram with straight lines is called a
polygon.

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 Polygon
 For a very large data set, as the number of classes is increased
(and the width of classes is decreased), the frequency polygon
eventually becomes a smooth curve called a frequency
distribution curve or simply a frequency curve.

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 Shape of Histogram
• Histogram shows
– centre, spread and skewness of the data
– presence of outliers
– multiple modes ?
• The most common shapes are:
• (1) Symmetric
• (2) Right skewed
• (3) Left skewed

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Shape of Histogram

Multiple modes

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Shape of Histogram
tail

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 Cumulative Frequency Distributions
• A cumulative frequency distribution gives the total
number of values that fall below the upper boundary of
each class.
• Example 14: Using the frequency distribution of table
2.10,

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 Choosing the Class Limits
3 approaches for Continuous Data:
• 1st approach:
Class Limits: Values lie between:
30-39 29.5-39.5
40-49 39.5-49.5
50-59 49.5-59.
* The 1st approach shall be used throughout this course.
• 2nd approach:
Class Limits: Values lie between:
30.0-39.9 29.95-39.95
40.0-49.9 39.95-49.95
50.0-59.9 49.95-59.95
This approach is used when the values of data set are
approximated to 1 decimal point.
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 Choosing the Class Limits
• 3rd approach:
Class Limits Values lie between:*
30-40 30-39.99…
40-50 40-49.99..
50-60 50-59.99..
– Note that the value 40 is included in the 2nd class.

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 Ogive
• An ogive is a curve drawn for the cumulative frequency
distribution.
• Two types of ogive:
• (1) ogive less than
• (2) ogive greater than
• Steps:
– Build a table of cumulative frequency.
– Draw x and y axes. Label x = class boundaries, y= cumulative
frequencies.
– Plot graph using the appropriate class boundary.
– Join the 1st appropriate class boundary to the consecutive points.

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 Ogive

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 Ogive

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 Box Plot (Box and Whisker)
• Data is graphically described using 5 specific values:
min, K1, median, K3 and max.

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Multiple Box Plot

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 Box Plot
• Can provide answers to the following questions:
– Does the location differ between subgroups?
– Does the variation differ between subgroups?
– Are there any outliers?
• An effective tool for summarizing large quantities of
information.

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 Closure W4 L1
• Organizing & Graphing Quantitative Data
– Stem & Leaf Display
– Frequency Distribution
– Histogram Suitability?
Interpretation?
– Polygon
Benefits?
– Ogive
– Box Plot
• W4 L2 Lessons:
– Measures of Central Tendency. Read up! Exercise.

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