DEFENISI

Larutan : sediaan cair homogen, stabil secara

termodinaka yang mengandung satu atau lebih zat
terlarut yang terdispersi secara molekular atau ion dalam
pelarut yang sesuai atau campuran pelarut yang saling
bercampur, dan dapat digunakan secara internal maupun
eksternal.
 THE ADVANTAGES OF SOLUTION

1. Therapeutic agents can easily be administered orally to individuals who have difficulty in
swallowing, e.g. elderly patients, infants
2. The therapeutic agent is dissolved in the formulation and is therefore immediately
available for absorption. Providing the drug does not precipitate within the gastrointestinal
tract, the bioavailability of pharmaceutical solutions is greater than that of oral solid-
dosage forms.
3. Taste-masking of bitter therapeutic agents may be readily achieved.
4. A solution is a homogenous system and therefore the drug will be uniformly distributed
throughout the preparation. In suspension or emulsion formulations uneven dosage can
occur as a result of phase separation on storage.
 DISADVANTAGES OF SOLUTION

1. Liquids are bulky and therefore inconvenient to transport and store. If the container should break the whole
of the product is immediately and irretrievably lost.

2. The stability of ingredients in aqueous solution is often poorer than if formulated as a tablet or capsule,
particularly if they are susceptible to hydrolysis. The shelf-life of a liquid dosage form is often much shorter
than that of the corresponding solid preparation. Not only is the stability of the drug important, but also that
of other excipients, such as surfactants, preservatives, flavours and colours. The chemical stability of some
ingredients can, however, be improved by the use of a mixed solvent system. The inclusion of a surfactant
above its critical micelle concentration can also improve chemical stability because the hydrolytic
degradation of a material may be reduced by its solubilization within the micelles.

3. Solutions often provide suitable media for the growth of microorganisms and may therefore require the
incorporation of a preservative.
continued

4. Most liquid preparations are designed so that the normal dosage of the drug is present in 5
mL, or a multiple of 5 mL, of product. Accurate dosage depends on the ability of the patient to
use a 5 mL spoon or a volumetric dropper.

5. The taste of a drug, which is usually unpleasant, is always more pronounced when in solution
than in a solid form. Solutions can, however, easily be sweetened and flavoured to make them
more palatable.
 PERTIMBANGAN FISIKOKIMIA

1. Sifat fisika dan kimia obat

2. Urutan pencampuran dan bahan tambahan
3. Diperlukan teknik farmaseutikal
4. Ketidakbercampuran dalam pembuatan dan
penyimpanan
5. Stabilitas dan potensi bahan,
6. Pemberian label yang tepat.
PEMBAGIAN LARUTAN
PEMBAGIAN LARUTAN
Syrups: A nearly saturated aqueous solution of sugar (usually
sucrose) with or without medicinal or flavoring ingredients.
Syrups are usually divided into flavored, containing a fruit or
aromatic substance for a pleasant taste, and medicated, containing
a drug.

Official simple syrup is an 85%w/v solution of sucrose in water.

During the preparation of sucrose solution, care should be taken
to avoid charring and caramelization caused by heat. Sucrose is
chemically and physically stable in the pH range of 4.0–8.0. It is
frequently used in conjunction with sorbitol, glycerin, and other
polyols, which reduce its tendency to crystal-lize. One of the
manifestations of the sucrose crystal-lization is ‘‘cap-locking,’’
which occurs when sucrose crystallizes on the threads of the
bottle cap and inter-feres with opening.
 Composition of Solution

1.Active ingredients
2.Sweeteners
3.Flavoring agents
4.Coloring agents
5.Preservatives
6.Buffer
7.Co-solvents
8.Surface active agent
9.Antioxidants
10.Viscosity controlling agents
11.Vehicles
Sweeteners are indispensable components of
many liquid oral dosage forms, especially those
containing bitter or other unacceptable tastes. In
fact, sweetening agents may comprise large
portions of solid content in most liquid oral
dosage forms. Sweeteners are often classified as
either nutritive (caloric) or non-nutritive
The flavoring of pharmaceuticals is of great importance in liquid dosage
forms intended for oral use as they mask the disagreeable tastes of
drugs.

Certain flavours are more effective at masking various taste elements:

for example, citrus flavours are frequently used to combat sour or acid-
tasting drugs.
Colours are employed to standardize or improve
an existing drug colour, to mask a colour change or
complement a flavour.

Although colours are obtained both from natural sources (e.g.

carotenoids) and synthesized (e.g. amaranth), the
majority used are synthetically produced.
Dyes may be aqueous (e.g. amaranth) or oil soluble (e.g. Sudan IV) or insoluble in
both (e.g. aluminium lakes).
Insoluble colours are known as pigments.
Lakes (which are generally water-insoluble calcium or aluminium complexes of water-
soluble dyes) are particularly
useful in tablets and tablet coatings because of
their greater stability to light than corresponding
dyes, which also vary in their stability to pH and
reducing agents.
Stability of solution