SUBJECT - THEORY OF MACHINES

TOPIC- BALANCING OF
RECIPROCATING MASSES(INLINE,
RADIAL AND V ENGINE)
BATCH- C6
ID NO- 17ME034 TO 17ME049
UNBALANCE DUE TO RECIPROCATING MASSES

• UNBALANCE DUE TO RECIPROCATING MASSES CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :

1. SINGLE RECIPROCATING MASS

2. SEVERAL RECIPROCATING MASSES

• SEVERAL RECIPROCATING MASSES CAN FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS:

1. INLINE ENGINE

2. RADIAL ENGINE

• RADIAL ENGINE ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS :

1. V ENGINE

2. W ENGINE

3. Y ENGINE
DEFINATION OF INLINE, RADIAL AND V ENGINE

• INLINE ENGINE – AN ENGINE WITH MORE THAN ONE CYLINDER HAVING THEIR CENTRELINES PARALLEL
TO EACH OTHER AND ALL THE CYLINDER HEADS LINE ON THE ONE SIDE OF THE AXES OF ROTATION OF
THE CRANK SHAFT IS KNOWN AS INLINE ENGINE.
• RADIAL ENGINE-THE ENGINE WHICH HAS ONLY ONE CRANK AND ALL THE CYLINDERS ARE PLACED
RADIALLY FROM THAT CRANK.
• V ENGINE –V ENGINE IS ONE TYPE OF RADIAL ENGINE IN WHICH THERE ARE TWO CYLINDERS PLACING
RADIALLY FROM THE CRANK. SO THAT TWO CYLINDER CENTRELINES MAKE V-ANGLE.
BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES

• -ACCELERATION OF THE RECIPROCATING MASS OF A SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM CONTAINS TWO

FORCES.
• 1) PRIMARY ACCELERATING FORCE
• 2) SECONDARY ACCELERATING FORCE
• OBLIGITY RATIO IS GREATER THAN ONE. SECONDARY FORCE IS SMALL COMPARED TO PRIMARY FORCE.
• IT CAN BE SAFELY NEGLECTED FOR LOW SPEED ENGINES.
INERTIA FORCE IS PRODUCED DUE TO PRIMARY ACCELERATING FORCE.
THE FORCE EXERTED BY CRANK SHAFT ON BEARING HAS TWO COMPONENTS.
1) HORIZONTAL FORCE-UNBALANCED SHAKING FORCE
2) VERTICAL FORCE – FORMS UNBALANCED SHAKING COUPLE
• THE SHAKING FORCE PRODUCES LINEAR VIBRATION OF THE FRAME AND THE SHAKING COUPLE PRODUCES
AN OSCILLATING VIBRATIONS.
• IT MAY HAMPER THE SMOOTH RUNNING OF THE ENGINE.
• FOR BALANCING THE SHAKING FORCE WE MUST ADD A ROTATING COUNTERMASS AT THE SAMR RADIUS.
• IT BALANCE OUT THE HORIZONTAL FORCE BUT NOW VERTICAL FORCE BECOMES UNBALANCED.
• SO 100% BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES IS NOT POSSIBLE.
• AND WE GET SOME EXPRESSION FOR RESULTANT UNBALANCE.
BALANCING OF INLINE ENGINE

• IF A RECIPROCATING MASS IS TRANSFERRED TO THE CRANK PIN, THE AXIAL COMPONENT PARALLEL TO
THE CYLINDRICAL AXIS OF THE RESULTING CENTRIFUGAL FORCE REPRESENTS THE PRIMARY
UNBALANCED FORCE.
• TO FIND SECONDARY UNBALANCED FORCE FIRST FIND THE POSITIONS OF THE IMAGINARY SECONDARY
CRANKS.
• THEN TRANSFER THE RECIPROCATING MASSES AT THE CRANK PIN AND FIND SECONDARY FORCE BY
USING EXPRESSION OF IT.
 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR BALANCING
• GRAPHICAL METHOD IS ALSO USED TO BALANCE THE FORCES ANS COUPLES.
• IN THIS METHOD FORCE AND COUPLE POLYGON IS TO BE DRAWN.
• THE RESULTANT FORCE OR COUPLE IS FOUND BY JOINING THE TAIL OF FIRST VECTOR AND HEAD OF LAST VECTOR.
• BY THIS METHOD WE GET ACCURATE AND PRECISE RESULTS FOR BALANCING.
• SO ANALYTICAL METHOD IS NOT BETTER THAN GRAPHICAL METHOD.
• IF WE GET ENCLOSED FORCE OR COUPLE POLYGON THEN IT IS SAID THAT RESULTANT COUPLE OR FORCE IS ZERO.
BALANCING OF RADIAL ENGINE

• BALANCING OF RADIAL ENGINE CAN BE DONE BY DIRECT AND REVERSE CRANK APPROACH.

• DIRECT CRANK MEANS IT IS THE CRANK WHICH IS ORIGINALLY IN EXISTENCE.

• REVERSE CRANK IS ALSO KNOWN AS INDIRECT CRANK.

• IT IS THE VIRTUAL CRANK WHICH IS NOT IN EXISTENCE.

• DIRECT AND REVERSE CRANK ARE FURTHER DIVED INTO TWO PARTS.

• 1) PRIMARY CRANK

• 2) SECONDARY CRANK

• SO, WE ARE STUDYING FOUR CRANKS FOR BALANCING THE RADIAL ENGINE.
THE FOUR CRANKS ARE AS FOLLOWS :

1) PRIMARY DIRECT CRANK

• THIS CRANK IS THE REAL AND EXIST.

2) PRIMARY REVERSE CRANK

THIS CRANK IS OPPOSITE TO DIRECT CRANK.

IT IS ROTATING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION.

IT HAS NEGATIVE ANGULAR POSITION.

3) SECONDARY DIRECT CRANK

IT IS THE VIRTUAL CRANK.

IT HAS ANGULAR POSITION DOUBLE OF THE PRIMARY CRANK. AND RADIUS r/4n.SPEED IS ALSO DOUBLE.

4) SECONDARY REVERSE CRANK

IT IS ALSO VIRTUAL CRANK.

IT IS OPPOSITE TO SECONDARY DIRECT CRANK.

IT IS ROTATING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION.

IT HAS ANGULAR POSITION DOUBLE OF THE PRIMARY REVERSE CRANK.

IT HAS DOUBLE SPEED OF THE PRIMARY REVERSE CRANK.

• FOR BALANCING THE SYSTEM m/2 RECIPROCATING MASS IS PLACED AT THE CRANK PIN.
• THIS MASS IS ADDED AT ALL FOUR CRANKS 1)PRIMARY DIRECT CRANK, 2)PRIMARY REVERSE CRANK,
3)SECONDARY DIRECT CRANK, 4)SECONDARY REVERSE CRANK.
• DUE TO THIS MASS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY UNBALANCED FORCES ARE DEVELOED.
• THERE IS NO COUPLE IN CASE OF RADIAL ENGINE.
• BECAUSE IN RADIAL ENGINE THE CENTRELINES OF ALL CYLINDERS ARE RADIALLY FROM THE CRANK AND
IN ONE PLANE ONLY.

•
BALANCING OF V ENGINE

• V ENGINE IS ALSO RADIAL TYPE ENGINE.

• IN V ENGINE THERE ARE TWO CYLINDERS ARE RADIALLY FROM CRANK.
• DIRECT AND REVERSE CRANK APPROACH IS ALSO USED IN BALANCING OF V ENGINE.
• THE ANOTHER ANALYTICAL APPROACH IS ALSO USED TO DETERMINE THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
UNBALANCED FORCES.
• WE CAN DIRECTLY FIND THE VALUE OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY UNBALANCED FORCES BY USING THE
ANALYTICAL APPROACH.
• IN THAT ANALYTICAL APPROACH SEMI V ANGLE IS USED TO DETERMINE THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
UNBALANCED FORCES.
CONCLUSION

• IN SHORT WE CAN SAY THAT THE BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES IS VERY DIFFICULT.
• BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES IS 100% DONE.
• BUT BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES IS NOT 100% DONE.
• ONLY 50-60% BALANCING IS POSSIBLE IN CASE OF RECIPROCATING MASSES.