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Function
Introduction
In modern medicine, the concept of disease
Cell growth
Cell adhesion
Transfer function
DNA molecule appears as a string of beads and the beaded areas are
called nucleosomes.
Primary DNA coiling occurs around histone proteins. These proteins act
not only as packaging material but also influence expression of DNA
molecule.
Rest of the chromatin is lightly stained and constitutes the active form
of chromatin. This is called euchromatin.
Structure of DNA
DNA Coiling
Cell
showing
presence of
two Barr
bodies
Functions of DNA
It carries information for formation of proteins
It carries information for development, functioning and aging of cells.
It carries information for initiating death of a cell.
Proteins
Organelles
Inclusions
o Lysosomes
o Golgi complex
o Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of a cell. As they are
intimately concerned with energy production, they are one of
the organelles that show earliest effect of an injurious
stimulus.
They have their own DNA, which encodes for 13 enzymes
(involved in oxidative phosphorylation) and 22 proteins (for
synthesis of tRNA).
Mitochondrial DNA is transmitted exclusively by females. In
males, it is deleted during fertilization. For this reason,
diseases associated with mutation of mitochondrial DNA
show sex linkage.
As the genetic code of mitochondrial DNA remains
unadulterated by the male fraction, its analysis can
accurately trace the genealogy of an individual.
It also serves as an evolutionary clock.
It may also be involved in the aging process
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
These organelles contain enzymes that work best at a
low pH.
Cytoskeleton
It consists of actin and myosin filaments along with
microtubules and intermediate filaments. Their
function is to integrate mechanically various
cytoplasmic components of the cell
Golgi Apparatus (schematic diagram)
Golgi Apparatus
Cytoskeleton of a Cell