DEFINING WAR

Von Clausewitz (1832)

Mendefinisikan perang sebagai tindakan
kekerasan yang dimaksudkan untuk
memaksa lawan kita untuk memenuhi
kehendak kita. Serta mengaitkan perang
sebagai kelanjutan dari hubungan politik,
dengan perpaduan metode lain.
 DEFINING WAR
• Kritik Kallen (1939) pada Clausewitz
– Bahwa tindak kekerasan yang dimaksud
terlalu umum. Sebuah tindak kekerasan
dapat terjadi di banyak aspek dan tidak
dapat dikatakan sebagai perang.
– Hanya berlaku pada periode pra-Napoleon
dan pra-industri, ketika perang diasumsikan
sebagai adalah perebutan benteng, dan
gentleman’s game”.
 Nature of war
tidak ditemukan di medan perang,
namun tercermin dalam sikap dan tindakan kebijakan sebuah negara
(Dennen, 1981).

“War as natural state” (Hobbes, 1651 dalam Richmond, 2008).

Perang
tidak didefinisikan oleh satu atau dua pertempuran akan tetapi
merupakan akumulasi dari seluruh tindakan yang diambil.
(Hobbes, 1651).
 DEFINING PEACE

Merriam-Webster

A state of tranquility or quiet: such as

freedom from civil disturbance; a state
of security or order within a community
provided for by law or custom.
 DEFINING PEACE
• Erasmus & Einstein → Peace is both seperate and
preferable to war.

• Anatol Rapoport → Peace through law, balance of

power, collective security, peace through law, personal
or religious pacifism, and revolutionary pacifism.

• Hedley Bull → Peace as the absence of war in

international society, through war was the key
guarantee for individual state survival.
 PICASSO’S GUERNICA (1937)

“Aspirations for peace are often represented

through depictions of war and violence”
 How do mainstream IR theories
interpret peace?

A. Idealism
“depicts a future, complete peace
incorporating social, political and economic
harmony represented by internationalism,
world government and federation.”
Richmond (2008) pp.14
B. Realism
“The resulting type of peace rests upon the
balance of power, or domination, perceptions
of threat and the glorification of national
interest in relation to military might.”
Richmond (2008) pp.14
 C. Marxism
“inspired structuralist insights into peace represent it
as resting on social justice, equality and an equitable
system of international trade, where states and actors
are not hierarchically organized according to socio-
economic class indicators.”
Richmond (2008) pp.14-15

D. Critical Theory and Post Structuralism

“inspired structuralist insights into peace represent it
as resting on social justice, equality and an equitable
system of international trade, where states and actors
are not hierarchically organized according to socio-
economic class indicators.”
Richmond (2008) pp.15
 E. Liberalism
“liberal–internationalism/institutionalism, neo-
liberalism and liberal imperialism, and ultimately
liberal–realism depict an achievable general
peace derived from international institutions
and organizations representing universal
agreements and norms. This provides a
How do mainstream IR theories
interpret war?
A. Realism
“Realism (and other power/interest focused theories)
represents IR as relative anarchy managed by a powerful
hegemon or an international system, which produces a basic
international, though not necessarily domestic, order. This
imposes a limited temporal and geographically bounded order,
which attempts to manage or assuage border conflicts,
territorial conflicts, ethnic, linguistic, religious (and other
identity) conflicts.”
Richmond, 2008 pp. 14

B. Liberalism
“The aggressive instincts of authoritarian leaders and
totalitarian ruling parties make for war.”
Doyle, 1886 pp. 2
KESIMPULAN