Sensor dan Aktuator

Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Brawijaya

FILKOM | UB

MATAKULIAH : Sensor dan Aktuator

KODE/ STATUS : CCE62144/ WAJIB
SKS :3
Dosen : Dahnial Syauqy, S.T, M.T, M.Sc
Rizal Maulana , S.T., M.T., M.Sc
Email : dahnial87@ub.ac.id
Ruang : C.1.13
Agenda kuliah
• Introduction + Overview
• Pengukuran
• Klasifikasi dan karakteristik Sensor
• Strain and Pressure
• Position, Motion, direction, distance
• Light, Temperature, Sound
• Quiz
• -----------------------------------UTS-------------------------------------
• Solid, Liguid, Gas, Environment
• Pengolahan data
• ADC
• Signal conditioning
• PWM dan motor DC
• DC servo dan DC stepper
• -----------------------------------UAS-------------------------------------

6 April 2019 Slide 3

Contents
1. Strain and Stress
2. Strain Gages
3. Bridge
4. Application
5. Piezoelectric Material

6 April 2019 Slide 4

 Strain and stress

6 April 2019 Slide 5

Strain and Stress

 Pada konduktor dengan luas penampang A dan panjang L yang terbuat dari
material dengan resistivitas ρ. Resistansi dari konduktor tersebut dapat
dituliskan sebagai berikut:

 .L
R 
A
 Jika kemudian konduktor tersebut ditarik hingga bertambah panjang ataupun
ditekan sehingga menyusut panjangnya, maka resistansinya akan berubah.

 It was Lord Kelvin who first reported in 1856 that metallic conductors
subjected to mechanical strain exhibit a change in their electrical
resistance.
 This phenomenon was first put to practical use in the 1930s.
Strain and Stress
 The figure shows a situation in which a supported beam is bent by applying a
lateral force. With this type of loading, the beam will become longer on the
bottom surface and shorter on the top surface.
 A wire that is attached to the beam using two standoffs functions as a simple
strain gage.
 Consider the original length of the wire be l (i.e. under no loading).
 When the beam is loaded, this wire is stretched and its length becomes l + δl.
 The ratio δl/l is known as the strain and is usually given a symbol ε.
 The stretching of the wire will cause its electrical resistance to change so that
the wire is a detector of strain.
Strain and Stress

When external forces are applied to

a stationary object, stress and strain
are the result.
Stress is defined as

Strain is defined as the amount of deformation per unit length of an object

when a load is applied.
Strain (ε) = ΔL/L
Typical values for strain are less than 0.005 inch/inch and are often expressed
in micro-strain units:
1 μstrain = 10-6 strain
Strain and Stress
 Strain has units of inches per inch or millimeters per millimeter and hence it
is dimensionless. In most structures the values of strain are usually very
small. For example, low-strength steel will yield (take a permanent deform)
at a strain about 0.0014.
 Therefore, usually the strain is expressed in units of microstrain (μstrain).

 It is difficult to measure the stress directly, but a strain gage can be used to
measure the strain, and then the stress can be determined using the
Hooke’s law. That is
σ = Eε
 where, σ is the normal stress and E is the modulus of elasticity (also called
Young’s modulus) which is a material property.
 Strain gage

6 April 2019 Slide 10

Strain gauge
 The most widely used characteristic that varies in proportion
to strain is electrical resistance.
 Although capacitance and inductance-based strain gages have
been constructed, these devices' sensitivity to vibration, their
mounting requirements, and circuit complexity have limited
their application.
 The first bonded, metallic wire-type strain gage was developed
in 1938.
 The metallic foil-type strain gage consists of a grid of wire
filament (a resistor) of approximately 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)
thickness, bonded directly to the strained surface by a thin
layer of epoxy resin
Strain gauge
 If a wire is held under tension, it gets slightly longer
 This changes its resistance (R) in proportion to the strain
sensitivity (S) of the wire‘s.
 When a strain is introduced, the strain sensitivity, which is also
called the gage factor (GF), is given by:
GF = (ΔR/R)/(ΔL/L)
 The ideal strain gage would change resistance only due to the
deformations of the surface to which the sensor is attached.
 However, in real applications, temperature, material properties,
the adhesive that bonds the gage to the surface, and the stability
of the metal all affect the detected resistance.
Strain gage
Strain Gage
Compression

Tension

Rl
l
R
A
=> l
R  Resistance

l
  Property of material R
l  Length of wire
A  Effective cross sectional area of wire
R
 Strain Gage
 In addition to the strain gages constructed in the form of straight wires, another
common type of strain gages are constructed by etching them from thin foil metal
sheets that are bounded to a plastic backing, as shown below.

 This backing is glued to the structure whose strain needs to be measured.

 Strain gages can also be constructed from semiconductor materials.
 The semiconductor strain gages are commonly used as sensing elements in
pressure and acceleration transducers. However, they cannot measure very high
strain.

15
The gage factor, K, differs depending on the metallic materials. The copper-nickel
alloy (Advance) provides a gage factor around 2.

In fact, it is extremely difficult to accurately

measure such a small resistance change, which
cannot be measured with a conventional
ohmmeter.
Accordingly, small resistance changes are
measured with a dedicated strain amplifier using
an electric circuit called a Wheatstone bridge.

16
 Bridge

6 April 2019 Slide 17

Wheatstone Bridge

 R4 R2 
Vout    Vin
 R3  R4 R1  R2 
Wheatstone Bridge

say ,
(3Ω) (3 Ω) Vin  5.00volts

 R4 R2 
Vout    Vin
 R3  R4 R1  R2 
 3 3 
Vout   5.0
(3 Ω) (3 Ω)  3 3 3 3
Vout 0
Full Bridge Strain Gage

R
R

R R
Wheatstone Bridge

say ,
(4Ω) (2 Ω) Vin  5.00volts

 R4 R2 
Vout    Vin
 R3  R4 R1  R2 
 4 2 
Vout   5.0
2 4 4 2
(2 Ω) (4 Ω) 4 2
Vout    5.0
6 6
Vout  1.667volts
Tension
Compression

No Force Applied

R
R

R
R
 1-gage system

2-gage system

4-gage system

6 April 2019 Slide 23

 application

6 April 2019 Slide 24

Cantilever

Strain Gauge

Strain Gauge
Application of Strain gauge
 The strain-gage sensor is one of the most widely used means
of load, weight, and force detection.
 Strain gages may be bonded to cantilever springs to measure
the force of bending.
 The strain gages mounted on the top of the beam experience
tension, while the strain gages on the bottom experience
compression.
Gambaran aplikasi sensor strain Gambaran aplikasi sensor strain
gauge pada pemantauan beban gauge pada pemantauan beban
pada lift penimbang timbangan
6 April 2019 Slide 28
 Piezoelectric Material

6 April 2019 Slide 29

 Piezoelectric Materials
 Many polymers, ceramics, and molecules such
as water are permanently polarized: some
parts of the molecule are positively charged,
while other parts of the molecule are
negatively charged.

 Furthermore, a permanently-polarized
material such as barium titanite (BaTiO3) will
produce an electric field when the material
changes dimensions as a result of an imposed
mechanical force.
 These materials are piezoelectric, and this
phenomenon is known as the piezoelectric
effect.
Piezoelectric Materials
 Conversely, an applied electric field
can cause a piezoelectric material
to change dimensions.
 This phenomenon is known as
electrostriction, or the reverse
piezoelectric effect.
 Piezoelectric materials are used in
acoustic transducers, which
convert acoustic (sound) waves
into electric fields, and electric
fields into acoustic waves.
 Transducers are found in
telephones, stereo music systems,
and musical instruments such as
guitars and drums.
6 April 2019 Slide 32
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