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Noise in Communication
Systems
Introduction
Noise is the static you hear in the speaker when you tune
any AM or FM receiver to any position between stations. It is
also the “snow” that is visible on a TV screen.
Introduction
• Wanted or unwanted signal??
• Random or deterministic??
• Can it be mathematically represented with
a simple equation??
3
Why study noise?
Noise
• Solar Noise
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Types of Internal Noise
Movement of the
electrons will forms
kinetic energy in the
conductor related to
the temperature of
the conductor.
where
Pn = noise power (Watt)
k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = Temperature (K)
B = BW spectrum system (Hz)
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Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise) (Cont’d)
_ 2
V 4 k TBR (volt ) 2
Vn,tot 4kTf ( R1 R2 )
Why do we find S/N
Signal to noise Ratio
• Two main reasons why we calculate
equivalent noise of a device
– to compare two devices in order to evaluate their
performance
– to compare the signal and the noise at the same
point to ensure that noise is not excessive
The measure for this calculation is the signal to
noise ratio. This is a relative measure of the
desired signal power to the noise power.
Signal to Noise Ratio
The signal to noise ratio is given by
S Signal Power, Ps( watts)
N Noise Power, Pn( watts)
S S
10 log 10 dB
N N
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Signal to Noise Ratio
• Example :
For an amplifier with an output signal power of 10 W and an
output noise power of 0.01 w, determine the signal to noise
power ratio
• Solution :
S Ps 10
1000
N Pn 0.01
To express in dB;
S S 10
dB 10 log 10 10 log 30dB
N N 0.01
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Signal to Noise Ratio
• Example :
For an amplifier with an output signal voltage of 4V, an output
noise voltage of 0.005 V, and an input and output resistance of
50 ohm, determine the signal to noise power ratio.
Solution :
S Vs 4
dB 20 log 10 20 log 58.06dB
N Vn 0.005
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Noise Factor- Noise Figure
S N
S N
Noise factor, F = IN
OUT
NF = SNRin − SNRout
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Noise Factor- Noise Figure (Cont’d)
• Example :
The signal to noise ratio at the input to a communication
receiver is 40 dB. If the receiver has a noise figure of 12 dB,
calculate the output signal to noise ratio
• Solution :
NF = SNRin − SNRout
SNRout = SNRin − NF
= 40 -12
= 28 dB
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Noise Temperature
Equivalent noise temperature Te is not the physical
temperature of the amplifier, but rather a theoretical
construct that is an equivalent temperature that produces
that amount of noise power
Noise temperature (Te) is expressed as :
Te = T(F-1)
Where;
Te = equivalent noise temperature (Kelvin)
T = environmental temperature (reference value of 290 K)
F = Noise factor
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Cascaded Network
A receiver systems usually consists of a number of passive or active
elements connected in series. A typical receiver block diagram is
shown below, with example
In order to determine the (S/N) at the input, the overall receiver noise
figure or noise temperature must be determined. In order to do this all
the noise must be referred to the same point in the receiver, for
example to A, the feeder input or B, the input to the first amplifier.
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Cascaded Network
Total noise factor is the accumulation of the individual noise factors.
Friiss formula is used to calculate the total noise factor of several
cascade amplifiers.
F1 F2 F3
Where;
Fn = Noise factor (dB)
Gn = Power gain , amplifier n
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Summary
_ 2
• Thermal Noise V 4 k TBR (volt 2 )
• Noise Factor
S N
S N
IN
OUT
• Noise Figure
Noise Figure (NF) dB = 10 log10 (F)
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Summary
• Cascaded Networks
Example 1.2
Calculate signal power in dB if its value is 1 mW.
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Shot Noise
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Transit time noise
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Example
For three cascaded amplifier stages, each
with noise factor of 2 dB and power gains
of 10 d, determine the total noise figure.
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Example Cascade
Three amplifiers, ABC was connected in series. Noise figure and power
gain of the amplifiers are given below:
Amplifier A : GA = 20 dB FA = 3 dB
Amplifier B : GB = 10 dB FB = 5 dB
Amplifier C : GC = 5 dB FC = 10 dB
An input signal of 50 dB higher than noise level was fed at the input of the
network. Calculate:
(a) Total noise factor
(b) SNR at the output
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