RESPIRATION AND

GAS EXCHANGE

A REVIEW
 Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to
o Name and identify the structures of the
respiratory system.
o Explain how breathing, gas exchange, and gas
transport occur.
o Explain the differences in composition
between inspired and expired air.
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
• What is respiration?
• What is breathing?
• What is gas exchange?
Differentiate:
- aerobic and anaerobic respiration
 RESPIRATION
• The breaking down of nutrients (glucose) to
release energy
If a person is lying quite still,
what does he need energy for?
 HOW IS DIGESTED FOOD USED
BY THE BODY?
 The body needs a constant supply of energy
which comes from digested food.
 Glucose from digested carbohydrate 
contains stored chemical energy .
 In body cells: glucose and oxygen  release
energy (respiration)
 Some of this is released as heat and the rest is
used by the cells.
 What is respiration?
glucose carbon energy
oxygen dioxide water

from the from the waste waste useful!

digestive breathing product product
system system exhaled exhaled
 RESPIRATION: TWO TYPES
1. Aerobic Respiration –
When does it happen?
 When the body is able to supply the cells with the oxygen
and glucose that they need
Word Equation:
Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide + Water + energy

Balanced chemical equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

* Occurs in plants as well as animals.

36-38 ATP
 2. Anaerobic Respiration
When does it happen?
 when the body CANNOT supply the cells with the oxygen
needed to break don glucose
In animals: example, during vigorous exercise

Glucose Lactic Acid energy

can cause fatigue and cramps.

2 ATP

pants and breathes heavily

to get rid of lactic acid built up
Anaerobic Respiration
(Plants)

Example, if the soil gets waterlogged.

Word Equation:
Glucose Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + energy

Chemical Equation:

C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy

In yeast cells: fermentation – process used

for baking bread and brewing alcohol.
 The Breathing System
Why do we breathe?
 The Breathing System
- used by the body to get the oxygen needed for
respiration.
- also use to get rid of the waste product of
respiration, the carbon dioxide.

Two movements involved in the process

of breathing:
1. Inspiration (also known as inhalation)
2. Expiration ( also known as exhalation)
 The Breathing System
1. Inspiration (also known as inhalation)

When we inspire:
– The intercostals muscles
contract.
– This raises the ribs upwards and
outward expanding the ribcage
– diaphragm contracts and
flattens, pulling downwards.
– thorax increases in volume,
which in turn lowers the
pressure inside it and
consequently air is sucked into
the lungs.
Expiration (also known as exhalation)

When we expire:
- The intercostal muscles relax.
- This lowers the ribs downwards
and inwards.
- The diaphragm relaxes, moving back
upwards.
- thorax decreases in volume, which in
turn increases the pressure inside it
and consequently forces air out of the
lungs.
 Comparing inspired (inhaled) and
expired (exhaled air)
What are the differences between inhaled and exhaled air?
inhaled air exhaled air

nitrogen (78%) nitrogen (78%)

oxygen (21%) oxygen (17%)
carbon dioxide (0.04%) carbon dioxide (4%)
other other

(Refer to your coursebook)

Why does mouth to mouth
resuscitation work?
 REVIEW
1. What is aerobic respiration?
2. State the word equation for aerobic
respiration
3. State the word equation for anaerobic
respiration in plants and in microorganisms
like fungi and bacteria
4. When does anaerobic respiration occur in
humans? How about in plants?
 USES OF ENERGY IN THE BODY
o muscle contraction
o protein synthesis
o cell division
o growth
o the passage of nerve impulses
o and the maintenance of a constant body
temperature.
THE HUMAN GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM
 The Alveoli
Gaseous exchange relies on diffusion. To be efficient,
the gaseous exchange surface must be:

Features of alveoli:
 Moist - allow gases to
dissolve
 thin walls- shorter
distance to diffuse
 Large surface area
 Surrounded by
numerous capillaries
MITOCHONDRIA STRUCTURE