Depok, March 2017

Tim Dosen :
Mustoto Moehadi
Reza Syahputra
Octria Adi Prasojo
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424
 QUIZ

1. Please explain the relationship between Dunham

classification (1962) and Wentworth Scale in
sedimentary rock!
2. Please mention and explain Dunham classification!

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OUTLINE

 Week 1 - Wentworth scale, sortation, grain size analysis

 Week 2 - Transporatation medium, transportation current, Reynolds Number,
Hjülstrom Diagram, erosional transformation*
 Week 3 - Sedimentary structure, classification and composition of sedimentary
rocks.
 Week 4 - Biochemical-biogenic-organic deposits
 Week 5 - Chemical Precipitatates-Evaporates,
 Week 6 & 7 - Volcaniclastic sedimentation.
 Week 9 & 10 – Sedimentation related with Tectonic activity
 Week 11 – Paleocurrent
 Week 12 - Application to extractive industry, volcanic eruption, geological
engineering.
 Week 13 to 15 – Sedimentary rocks and core description (learn how to measure
the outcrop and draw a log)

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FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424
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Sedimentary Structure – Introduction

Stoke’s Law

Where:
• V = terminal settling velocity
• D = grain diameter
• 𝜌 = density
• 𝜇 = fluid viscosity

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FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424
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 Sedimentary Structure – Wave

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology
and Stratigraphy, Second Edition,
Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom
www.southampton.ac.uk/

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Sedimentary Structure – Wave

How to distinguish wave and current ripple?

Critical to the interpretation of paleoenvironment
(shallow water vs water flow in the depth)

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology
and Stratigraphy, Second Edition,
Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom
www.southampton.ac.uk/

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FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424
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Famous Buildings

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OUTLINE

 Introduction
 Carbonate Environment
 Diagenesis
 Composition
 Classification

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Introduction

Terrigeneous VS shallow marine carbonate

What are the differences?

 Composition
 Grain size
 Biological process – palaeoenvironment
 Changes in water depth (tectonic subsidence or eustatic sea-level
rise)

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Introduction

CONTROLS ON CARBONATE
SEDIMENTATION

 Isolation from clastic supply

 Shallow marine water

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology
and Stratigraphy, Second Edition,
Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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 Carbonate Environment

CARBONATE PLATFORM

Carbonate shelf VS
Carbonate banks?

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology
and Stratigraphy, Second Edition,
Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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 Carbonate Environment

CARBONATE SAND SHOAL

 Made up of ooids or accumulation

of benthic foraminifers
 Well-sorted, well-rounded grains
 Planar and through cross-bedding
 Tidal effect?

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology
and Stratigraphy, Second Edition,
Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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 Carbonate Environment

REEF

 Composed by framework-building
benthic organism (e.g. corals)
 Sometimes referred to bioherms
 Having symbiotic relationship with
algae
 Will it always be composed by
corals? How’s the history?

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology
and Stratigraphy, Second Edition,
Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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Carbonate Environment

REEF BUILDER

 Started from stromatolites

(cyanobacteria)
 Rudists as the main characteristics of
Cretaceous reefs (Ross & Skelton,
1993)

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology
and Stratigraphy, Second Edition,
Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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 Carbonate Environment

REEF STRUCTURE

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy,
Second Edition, Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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 Carbonate Environment

REEF SETTING

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy,
Second Edition, Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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 Carbonate Environment

How about MODERN REEF?

-> mainly found in up to 350 either side of the Equator

IMPLICATION
-> if a carbonate reef body is found it indicates an
environment of deposition in warm tropical waters

REFUTATION
 Modern seas coralline living in higher latitude has
not been fully understood yet
 Rugosa and Tabulata from pre-Mesozoic has no
symbiosis with alga
Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy,
Second Edition, Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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 Carbonate Environment

FACIES DISTRIBUTION

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy,
Second Edition, Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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 Carbonate Environment

FACIES DISTRIBUTION

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy,
Second Edition, Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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DIAGENESIS

In MARINE ENVIRONMENT

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DIAGENESIS

In NON-MARINE Burial Stage

ENVIRONMENT

Vadose vs phreatic zone Dissolution of carbonate grains

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DIAGENESIS

COMPACTION EFFECT

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DIAGENESIS

DOLOMITIZATION

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COMPOSITION

CARBONATE MINERALOGY

Calcite Aragonite Dolomite

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COMPOSITION

Biomineralised Carbonate Sediments

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 COMPOSITION

Non-biogenic constituents of limestone

• Ooid: concentric spherical bodies of

calcium carbonates less than 2mm
• Peloid: faecal pellets of marine organism
(e.g. gastropods)
• Aggregated: several (rounded) fragments
cemented together

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CLASSIFICATION by Dunham (1962)

Boundary condition

 Matrix or clast-supported
 Bafflestone, bindstone, and framestone were added by Embry & Klovan (1971),
and James & Bourque (1992)
 These terms above are for conglomerate made up of material deposited in an
adjacent part of the same environment and then redeposited

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 CLASSIFICATION by Dunham (1962)

Source:
Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Second Edition, Wiley & Blackwell: United Kingkdom

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 Terima Kasih
SEDIMENTOLOGY
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

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