Você está na página 1de 14

z

Analisa Produk
Obat
z

 Produk obat-obatan harus aman dan bermanfaat

 Produsen  quality control & quality assurance

 Prod. Obat juga harus diperiksa secara independen:


 Komposisi
 Suitability for use
 Defects
 Unknown medicinal product
 Contaminant
 Adultered or not
 Counterfeited or not
z
Pengelolaan Sampel Produk Medisinal

 Sampel diserahkan lengkap dengan permintaan tertulis yang jelas

 Background sample harus jelas  menentukan pemilihan sampel dan


metode analisis

 Untuk pemastian kualitas produk: menggunakan metode analisis yg sama


dengan yang dipakai oleh produsen (sumber: jurnal, farmakope)
z

 Untuk memeriksa kualitas: perlu ada pembanding (pharmacopeia reference


atau Baku Pembanding Farmakope Indonesia)
 Perbandingan spectrum pada uji identifikasi senyawa

 Standar pada pemeriksaan perbandingan

 Identifikasi dan kuantifikasi ketidakmurnian

 Kalibrasi instrumen
z
Metode Analisis

 Mengikut metode yang tertera pada farmakope

 Bila tidak ada:


 Gunakan metode untuk bahan yang mirip  validasi metode

 Metode analisis dalam farmakope ada banyak, bisa dipilih yang


sesuai/digabung
z
Identifikasi Zat Aktif

 Langkah pertama dalam analisis obat: verifikasi zat aktif (tes warna)

 Identity tests:
 should be able to distinguish between similar active ingredients

 Should be able to distinguish optical isomers & different salts and polymorphic forms

 Fingerprint method

 Physicochemical thest: menentukan komposisi secara kualitatif & kuantitatif (bila


tak bisa dibedakan berdasarkan warna)

 Solid/semi-solid excipients : must be separated before analysis be performed


 HOW?
z General Tests

 Untuk memeriksa keseragaman batch obat


 Keseragaman bobot dan kadar (pada sediaan padat)

 Uji waktu hancur dan disolusi

 Ukuran partikel

 Viskositas

 Sterilitas

 Uji mikroba pada sediaan nonsteril

 Uji friabilitas dan friksibilitas


z Defective Samples (1)

 Low potency
 Periksa: kandungan, pelepasan zat aktif, polimorfisme, uniformity content, ukuran
partikel

 Contaminant
 Product with a high incidence of unwanted side-effects

 Impurities: synthetic starting materials, reagents, reaction by products, synthetic


intermediates, decomposition products, solvent residu

 Daftar pelarut yg boleh/tidak boleh/boleh dengan kadar residu tertentu?

 Organic impurities: how to analyze?


z Defective Samples (2)

 Physical Defect
 Visual examination  further tests needed

 Foreign Body
 Visual examination: ada kontaminan inorganic/organic/biological

 Macroscopic & microscopic examination


z Obat Palsu (1)

 Obat palsu:
 Tidak mengandung bahan aktif

 Mengandung bahan aktif yang berbeda

 Mengandung bahan aktif dengan jumlah yang tidak tepat (<<)

 Kemasan kualitas rendah

 Diproduksi dengan bahan aktif/eksipien berkualitas rendah

 Diproduksi dengan kepatuhan terhadap standar GMP yang rendah


z
Obat Palsu (2)

 Cara identifikasi:
 General appearance (bandingkan dengan yang sudah ada di pasaran)
 Examination of the labelling (check accuracy of the product and label quality)
 Examination of the packaging
 Impurity profiling: determine the pattern of drug-related impurities
 HPLC or GC (impurity profile in the genuine product reasonably consistent: why?)

 Cluster analysis: chromatographic profile expressed quantitatively

 NIR spectroscopy (Near-infrared spectroscopy)


 Fingerprint products qualitatively and quantitatively

 Harus ada database genuine products

 Very sensitive to the changes in particle size, moisture levels


Basic
z Tests for Drug Substances and Products

 Referensi: Basic Tests for Drugs (1998); Basic Tests for Pharmaceutical
Substances (1986)
 Organoleptic checks, physicochemical tests (simple)

 Semi-quantitative TLC method

 Kalau tidak ada alat ATAU rapid method to verify identity and strength and
possibly detect poor-quality counterfeit and other sub-standard products
z Biological and Biotechnological Products

 Vaccine, hormone, antisera, coagulation factors, monoclonal antibodies, etc

 Characterisation of biological and/or biotechnological products:


 Physicochemical properties: determination of amino acid sequence, amino acid
composition, terminal amino acid sequence, peptide mapping, number & position of
sulfydryl groups and disulfide bridges, carbohydrate structure, dll

 Biological activity (measured by bioassay)

 Immunological properties

 Tests for purity and impurities (immunoassay, electrophoresis, MS, chromatographic)

 quantity
z Herbal and Homeopathic Products

 Herbal remedies difficult to characterize: why?

 Identification tests: macroscopic & microscopic characters, chromatographic


(TLC, HPLC), chemical reactions

 Contaminant tests: water content, pesticide residues, microbial contamination,

 Quantitative tests: bila sudah diketahui marker atau zat aktifnya apa

 Ethnic herbal remedies: banyak campuran yg bisa disubstitusi kapan saja, heavy
metals

Você também pode gostar