Você está na página 1de 47

Course content

CE-315: Reinforced Concrete Design, CH (2+0)

Basics and mechanics of reinforced concrete design: Concepts of capacity and demand,
behaviour of reinforced concrete members under axial, flexural and shear demand,
familiarization to ACI code. Analysis and design of Singly reinforced, rectangular and T-type
single and multi span beams, for flexure and shear demand: This portion will cover analysis
and design of single and multi span beams, that are singly reinforced using ACI approximate
method(s). Design of Doubly reinforced rectangular and T-type single and multi span beams
for flexure and shear demand. Analysis and design of one-way slab (simply supported and
continuous): This portion will cover analysis and design of simply supported and continuous
one-way slabs using ACI approximate method(s). Analysis and design of two-way slabs
supported on walls and stiff beams. Bond, anchorage and development length: This portion
will cover basics of bond strength and development length, ACI code provisions for
development length, bar cutoff & bar splices. Serviceability Requirements: This portion will
cover basics of cracking in flexural members, ACI provisions for crack control & ACI provisions
for control of deflections. Project: Design of RC roof of a simple building.

Recommended Books
George Winter, Design of Concrete Structures
Hassoun, M.N. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures.
Nilson, Design of Concrete Structures
RCD
Concrete

Concrete is a stone like material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned


mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in
forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired structure.

Reinforced Cement Concrete

Since concrete is a brittle material, strong in compression and weak in tension.

In the second half of 19th century steel was used with its high tensile strength
for reinforcing the concrete in tension.

The reinforcement is usually round steel bars/rods, with appropriate surface


deformation (to provide interlocking) and available in different sizes.

This reinforcement is placed in the forms in advance of concrete when


completely surrounded by the hardened concrete mass, it forms the integral
part of the member.

The resulting combination of two materials (concrete and reinforcement) is


known as reinforced concrete.
RCD

Types of deformed reinforcing bars


RCD

Advantages and Disadvantages of RC


Reinforced concrete is widely used as structural material in many types of structures. It is
competitive with steel if economically designed and executed . The advantages are as
follows
Advantages
It has relatively high compressive strength than other materials
Better resistance to fire than steel
It has long service life with low maintenance cost
In some types of structures such as dams, piers and footings, it is the most economical
structural material.
It can be cast to take the shape required, making it widely used in precast structural
components.
It yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection
RCD
Disadvantages

It has low tensile strength of about 10 percent of its compressive strength

It needs mixing, casting and curing, all of which effect the final strength of
concrete

The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is relatively high

It has low compressive strength as compare to steel (1 to 10 percent depending


on material) which leads to large section of beams and columns of multistory
buildings

Cracks developed in concrete due to shrinkage and application of live loads


RCD
Concept of Capacity and Demand

Demand

Demand on a structure refers to all external actions.


Gravity, wind, earthquake, snow are external actions.
These actions when act on the structure will induce internal disturbance(s) in
the structure in the form of stresses (such as compression, tension, bending,
shear, and torsion).
The internal stresses are also called load effects.
RCD
Capacity

The overall ability of a structure to carry an imposed demand.

Beam will resist the applied


load up to its capacity and will
fail when demand exceeds
capacity
RCD
Failure

Occurs when Capacity is less than Demand.


To avoid failure, capacity to demand ratio should be kept greater than one, or at
least equal to one.

It is, however, intuitive to have some margin of safety i.e., to have capacity to
demand ratio more than one. How much?

Failure (Capacity < Demand)

Example 1

Calculate demand in the form of stresses or load effects on


the given concrete pad of size 12″ × 12″.
RCD
Solution: Based on convenience either the loads or the load effects as demand
are compared to the load carrying capacity of the structure in the relevant units.

Demand in the form of load:


Load = 50 Tons

Demand in the form of Load effects:

The effect of load on the pad will be


a compressive stress equal to load
divided by the area of the pad.
Load Effect=(50x2204)/ (12x12)
= 765.27 psi Capacity of the pad in the form
of resistance should be able to
carry a stress of 765.27 psi.
In other words, the compressive
strength of concrete pad
(capacity) should be more than
765.27 psi (demand).
RCD
Example 2
Determine capacity to demand ratio for the pad of example 1 for the following
capacities given in the form of compressive strength of concrete (i) 500 psi (ii)
765.27 psi (iii) 1000 psi (iv) 2000 psi. Comment on the results?

Solution: As calculated in example 1, demand = 765.27 psi.


Therefore capacity to demand ratios are as under:
i. Capacity/ Demand = 500 / 765.27 = 0.653 (Failure)
ii. 765.27/ 765.27 = 1.0 (Capacity just equal to Demand)
iii. 1000/ 765.27 = 1.3 (Capacity is 1.3 times greater than Demand)
iv. 2000/ 765.27 = 2.6 (Capacity is 2.6 times greater than Demand)

In (iii) and (iv), there is some margin of safety normally called as


factor of safety.
RCD
Safety Factor

It is always better to have a factor of safety in our designs.

It can be achieved easily if we fix the ratio of capacity to demand greater than
1.0, say 1.5, 2.0 or so, as shown in example 2

For certain reasons, however, let say we insist on a factor of safety such that
capacity to demand ratio still remains 1.0.

Then there are three ways of doing this:


Take an increased demand instead of actual demand (load),
e.g. 70 ton instead of 50 ton in the previous example,

Take a reduced capacity instead of actual capacity such as


1500 psi for concrete whose actual strength is 3000 psi

Doing both.

How are these three situations achieved?


RCD
Working Stress Method

In the Working Stress or Allowable Stress Design method, the material strength
is knowingly taken less than the actual e.g. half of the actual to provide a factor
of safety equal to 2.0.

Strength Design Method

In the Strength Design method, the increased loads and the reduced strength of
the material are considered, but both based on scientific rationale. For example,
it is quite possible that during the life span of a structure, dead and live loads
increase.

The factors of 1.2 and 1.6 used by ACI 318-02 (Building code requirements for
structural concrete, American Concrete Institute committee 318) as load
amplification factors for dead load and live load respectively are based on
probability based research studies.

Note: We shall be following ACI 318-02 throughout this course


RCD
Similarly, the strength is not reduced arbitrarily but considering the fact that
variation in strength is possible due to imperfections, age factor etc. Strength
reduction factors are used for this purpose.

Factor of safety in Strength Design method is thus the combined effect of


increased load and reduced strength, both modified based on a valid rationale.

Example 3
Design the 12″ × 12″ pad to carry a load of 200 tons. The area of the pad
cannot be increased for some reasons.

Concrete strength (fc′) = 3 ksi, therefore


Allowable strength = fc′/2 = 1.5 ksi (for Working Stress method)
RCD
Solution:

Demand in the form of load (P) = 200 Tons = 200 × 2.204/1000 = 440.8 kips
Demand in the form of load effects (Stress) = (200 × 2204)/ (12 × 12)
= 3061.11 psi = 3.0611 ksi

Capacity in the form of strength = 1.5 ksi (less than the demand of 3.0611 ksi).

There are two possibilities to solve this problem:


Increase area of the pad (geometry); it cannot be done as required in the
example.

Increase the strength by using some other material; using high strength
concrete, steel or other material; economical is to use concrete and steel
combine.
RCD
Let us assume that we want to use steel bar reinforcement of yield strength
fy = 40 ksi.

Then capacity to be provided combinely by both materials should be at


least equal to the demand. And let us follow the Working Stress approach, then:

{P = Rc + Rs (Demand=Capacity)} (Force units)


Capacity of pad = Acfc′/2 + Asfy/2 (Force units)

Therefore, 440.8 = (144 × 3/2) + (As × 40/2)

As = 11.24 in2 (Think on how to provide this much area of steel? This is how
compression members are designed against axial loading).
RCD
Example 4

Check the capacity of the concrete beam given in figure below


against flexural stresses within the linear elastic range.
Concrete compressive strength (fc′) = 3 ksi
RCD
RCD
RCD

Example 1.5

Check the shear capacity of the same beam.


RCD
Design Philosophy and Concepts

The design of structure may be regarded as the process of selecting proper


materials and proportioning the different elements of structures according to
state of art of engineering science and technology.

In order to fulfill its purpose, the structure must meet the condition of:

Appropriateness (Functionality: To suit the requirements for which it is designed


and Aesthetics: To suit the environments)

Economy (The over all cost of the structure should not exceed the clients
budget)

Structural adequacy (Strength and Serviceability: The quality of being able to


provide good service)

Maintainability (The structural should be simple so that it is maintainable easily)


RCD
Design Methods

Strength Design Method

Working Stress Design (WSD) or Allowable Stress design (ASD) or Elastic


Design Method

Strength Design Method it is based on the ultimate strength of structural


member, assuming a failure condition whether due to the crushing of concrete
or due to the yielding of the reinforcing steel.

Although there is additional strength in the bars after yielding (due to strain
hardening), this additional strength is not considered in the design/analysis of
RC members.

In the strength design method the actual loads are multiplied by load factors to
obtain the ultimate design loads

The factors represent a high percentage of factor for safety required in the
design e.g. for dead load, load amplification factor is 1.2 and for live load, load
amplification factor is 1.6. The load amplification factor is always grater than one
RCD
RCD
RCD
To consider errors in analysis/design, execution and construction, the final
capacity (Flexural, shear, axial and torsional) of a member is reduced by
multiplying with strength reduction factor (ϕ phi)

For flexure capacity ϕ=0.9, for shear and torsion ϕ=0.75 and for axial ϕ=0.65 or
0.70 (all these will be discussed later). Strength reduction factor is always less
than one

The ACI (American Concrete Institute) code emphasize this method of design
RCD
Elastic Design Method this design concept is based on the elastic theory,
assuming a straight line stress distribution along the depth of concrete section.

In this method actual loads (working or service loads) acting on the structure are
estimated

Structural members are designed based on service loads and certain allowable
stresses in concrete and steel

The allowable stresses are the fraction of the crushing strength of concrete (��′)
and yield strength of the steel (fy)

Working stress= yield strength / FoS

Because of the differences in realism and reliability, over the past of several
decades the strength design method has replaced the older WSD method
RCD
Limit State Design

Limit state design is a further step in the strength design method. It indicates the
state of the member in which it ceases to meet the service requirements, such as
loosing it ability to withstand external loads or suffering excessive deformation,
cracking or local damage.

According to limit state design, reinforced concrete members have to be


analyzed with regard to three limit states
1.Load carrying capacity (safety, stability and durability)
2.Deformation (deflection, vibration and impact)
3.The formation of cracks

The aim of this analysis is to ensure that no limit state will appear in the
structure during its service life time
RCD
RCD

Cracks Formation
RCD
Fundamental assumption for R.C behavior

R.C sections are heterogeneous because they are made of two different
materials i.e. concrete and steel. Therefore proportioning/designing members by
ultimate strength design is based on the following assumptions.

1. Strain in concrete is the same as in reinforcing steel provided that the bond
between steel and concrete is adequate.

Fig.a strain diagram, fig.b stress distribution diagram


RCD
2. Strain in concrete is linearly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis

3. The modulus of Elasticity is taken as Es = 29000 ksi for all grades of steel. The
stress in the elastic range is equal to the strain multiply by modulus of elasticity

4. Plane x-section continue to plane after bending

5. Tensile strength concrete is neglected because ;


a. because tensile strength of concrete is about 10% of its compressive strength
b. cracked concrete is assumed to be not effective and
c. before cracking the entire section is effective in resisting the external moment.
RCD
6. The method of elastic analysis, assuming an ideal behavior at all level of
stress, is not valid. At high stresses, non-elastic behavior is assumed, which is
in close agreement with the actual behavior of concrete and steel (it means that
at high level of stress hooke’s law is not applicable)

7. At ultimate strength, the maximum strain in the extreme compression fiber is


assumed to be equal to 0.003, by ACI code 318-08, 10.3.3.

8. At the ultimate strength, the shape of the compressive stress distribution may
be assumed to be rectangular, parabolic or trapezoidal as shown in figure.
RCD
RCD
Loads

Structural members must be designed to support specific loads

Loads that act on a structure can be divided into three broad categories

1. Dead load 2. Live load 3. Environmental load

Dead loads

Dead loads are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the
lifetime of the structures.

Dead loads include the weight of the structure and any other permanent material
placed on the structure such as tiles, roof material and wall etc.

They can be determined with high degree of accuracy from the dimension of the
element and the unit weight of the materials.
RCD

Live Loads

Live loads are those which may vary in


magnitude and also change in location.

Live loads include the occupancy load in


buildings and traffic load in bridges
Live loads on any given time are uncertain
both in magnitude and distribution

Table 1.1 on page No 10 & 11 for minimum


uniformly distributed live loads.
RCD
RCD
Environmental Loads

It consist mainly of snow loads , wind pressure and suction, earthquake loads
wind pressure/loads (one of the two main lateral load that can be applied to a
structure.

It can result in
- excessive lateral drift
-Cladding failure
-Uplift.tear off of roofing components
-Possible hurricane and storm damage

snow loads
RCD
Environmental Loads

Earthquake loads (i.e inertia force caused by earthquake motion)

Seismic events don't exactly cause loads in structure, but acceleration.


Much like hitting the brakes in a car

horizontal acceleration determine equivalent loads


Analogous to treating a building like a cantilevered beam

Soil pressure on subsurface portion of the structures,


Loads from possible ponding of rain water on flat surfaces and forced caused by
temperature differentials
RCD
ACI Code Safety Provisions
Structural members must be designed to resist loads greater than the service
(working loads actual loads), in order to provide proper safety against failure

In strength designed method the members are designed to resist the factored
loads which are obtained by multiply the service loads by load amplification
factors

Different factors are used for different loading, because dead loads can be
estimated quite accurately, their load factors are smaller than those of live loads,
which have high degree of uncertainty

Several loads combinations must be considered in the design to compute the


maximum and minimum design forces

Reduction factors are used for some combination of forces to reflect the low
probability of their simultaneous occurrence

Table 1.2 on page No 18 factored load combinations for determining required


strength U in the ACI code
RCD
Table 1.2 on page No 18 factored load combinations for determining required
strength U in the ACI code

In the preceding expressions, the following values are used:


U = the design or ultimate load the structure needs to be able to resist
D = dead load
L = live load
Lr = roof live load
S = snow load
R = rain load
W = wind load
E = seismic or earthquake load effects
RCD
ACI Code Safety Provisions

In addition to the load factor, the ACI codes specify another factor to allow an
additional reserve on the capacity of the structural member.

The nominal strength is generally calculated using accepted analytical


procedures based on statistics and equilibrium,

Mn = nominal flexure strength


Vn = nominal shear strength
Pn = Nominal Axial Strength

However, in order to account for the degree of accuracy within which the
nominal strength can be calculated & for adverse variations in material,
dimension a strength reduction factor (ϕ phi) should be used in strength
design method.
RCD
Values of the strength reduction factors are given in table 1.3 page no 19
RCD
A safe design is achieved when the structure strength, obtained by multiplying
the nominal strength by reduction factor (ϕ phi), exceeds or equals the
strength needed to withstand the factored loads

i.e Md = ϕMn ≥ Mu
Vd = ϕVn ≥ Vu
Pd = ϕPn ≥ Pu

Where
Mu , Vu and Pu are the external factored moments , shear forces and axial forces
Mn, Vn and Pn are nominal moment, shear and axial member capacity

Structural Concrete Elements


Slabs
Slabs are the horizontal plate elements building floors and roofs.
They may carry gravity loads as well as lateral loads.
The depth of the slab is usually very small relative to its length and width
RCD
Structural Concrete Elements
Slabs
Slabs are the horizontal plate elements building floors and roofs.
They may carry gravity loads as well as lateral loads.
The depth of the slab is usually very small relative to its length and width
RCD
Beams

Beams are long horizontal or inclined members with limited width and depth
Their main function is to support loads from slab
RCD
Columns
Columns are critical members of a structure that support loads from beams or
directly from slabs
They may be subjected to axial loads or axial loads and moments
RCD
Footings
Footings are paid or strips that support columns and spread their load directly
to the soil.

Walls
Walls are vertical plate elements resisting gravity as well as lateral loads as in
case of basement walls
RCD
Frames
Frames are structural members that consist of combination of beams and
columns or slab, beam, column and footing

Você também pode gostar