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FORMAL ELEMENTS OF

LITERATURE
WHAT IS AN “ELEMENT OF LITERATURE”?
LITERARY ELEMENT LITERARY TECHNIQUE
A non-universal
IT’S A features of literature
CONSTITUENT that accompany the
of works of construction of a
literature- a particular work rather
necessary than forming the
feature. essential
characteristics of all
narrative.
FORMAL ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
• Plot: It is the logical sequence of events that develops a story.
• Setting: It refers to the time and place in which the text takes place.
• Characters: Protagonist: It is the main character of story, novel or a play e.g. Hamlet
in the play Hamlet. Antagonist: It is the character in conflict with the Protagonist e.g.
Claudius in the play Hamlet
• Narrator: A person who tells the story.
• Dialogue: Where characters speak to one another.
• Conflict. It is an issue around which the whole story revolves.
• Mood: A general atmosphere of a narrative.
• Theme: It is central idea or concept of a story.
POETRY
• Genre (epic-lyric-dramatic)
• Subject (explicit image) and Theme (implicit idea)
• Diction: connotation/denotation, abstract vs concrete, irony (cosmic,
tragic/dramatic, verbal), onomatopoeia
• Style: formal, standard, colloquial, vulgate, slang, dialect.
• Medium: dialogue, narrative, description
• Parts: stanza, verse/line, refrain, octet/octave, septet, sestet, quintet,
quatrain, tercet, couplet
• Rhythm (stress/pause) and Rime
• Form: open, closed; fixed (sonnet, ballad, epigram, haiku, sestina, etc.)
• Persona (mask) and point-of-view
• Tone (attitude of poem communicated to audience)
DRAMA
1.Thought/Theme/Ideas
2.Action/Plot
3. Characters
4. Language
5.Music
6.Spectacle
7.Genre/Form: Tragedy, comedy, melodrama, tragicomedy
THE CLIMAX

THE FALLING ACTION

RISING ACTION

EXPOSITION
RESOLUTION
NARRATIVE
SETTING

PLOT

CHARACTERS

THEME

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