Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Physiology
2
Palpebra
Fungsi : Mencegah ruda paksa
Mencegah cahaya yang menyilaukan
Membantu menyebarkan air mata
4
Air Mata (tears)
Diproduksi oleh sistem kelenjar air mata :
1. Glandula lacrimalis asesorius Krause
dan Wolfring (sekresi dasar)
2. Glandula lakrimalis utama mayor
(sekresi refleks).
Evaluasi :
Normal
Kertas filter Whatman basah sepanjang 10-30 mm
Borderline dry eye
Kertas filter Whatman basah sepanjang 5-20 mm
Dry eye
Kertas filter Whatman basah sepanjang < 5 mm
8
Kornea
Fungsi utama kornea :
- Media refrakta yang terpenting
- Barrier penting dari isi bola mata
Proses metabolisme dalam kornea :
1. Metabolisme glukosa dan glikogen
2. Metabolisme oksigen
3. Metabolisme asam amino
Lapisan endotel kornea memiliki fungsi internal :
1. Barrier masuknya cairan humor aquous kedalam stroma.
2. Metabolisme pompa metabolik aktif untuk memompa
air keluar dari stroma.
9
LAPISAN KORNEA
10
FISIOLOGI KORNEA
13
METABOLISME KORNEA
16
II. Korpus siliaris
Mempunyai 3 fungsi
17
18
Akomodasi
adalah kemampuan lensa untuk mencembung .
Proses akomodasi (teori Hemholtz) adalah : pada saat m. siliaris
berkonstraksi, maka zonula zinni (penggantung lensa) menjadi
kendor dan lensa yang elastis menjadi lebih cembung dan
diameternya menjadi lebih kecil.
Humor akuous
Diproduksi oleh epitel tidak berpigmen korpus siliaris melalui
beberapa mekanisme fisiologis : difusi, ultrafiltrasi, carbonic
anhidrase aktif, dan sekresi aktif
Disekresikan ke bilik mata belakang dan melewati pupil ke
bilik mata depan (BMD) untuk selanjutnya diekresikan melalui
2 rute : trabekular meshwork-kanalis schlem dan uveoskleral.
19
Fungsi humor akuous :
1. Sebagai media refrakta
2. Integritas struktur
3. Sumber nutrisi
4. Memelihara regularitas tekanan intraokuler
III. Koroid
20
Lensa
Lensa adalah suite struktur yang bikonveks, avaskuler, dan
transparan. Terdiri atas 66% air dan selebihnya merupakan
protein penyusun lensa.
21
Lensa dan Akomodasi
22
RETINA
23
Lapisan-lapisan retina
Visual pathway 24
25
26
27
Visual Pathway is the nerve fiber sistems connecting
the retina and visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the
brain.
28
MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE EYE
29
Basic Principles and Terms
Terminology of eye movements explained by two
concepts : The axes of Fick and Listing’s plane.
1. The axes of Fick designed as X, Y, and X
• The X axis is transverse axis passing through the center of
the eye at the equator needed for voluntary vertical
rotations of the eye.
• The Y axis is a saggital axis passing through the pupil necessary
for involuntary torsional rotation of the eye
• The Z axis is a vertical axisof the eye for being voluntary
horizontal rotation.
30
2. Listing’s equatorial plane
Listing equatorial plane passes through the center of
rotation and includes the x dan z. The y axis is
perpendicular to listing plane
Position of Gaze
Basic terminology of the position of gaze :
- Primary position is straight ahead.
- Secondary positions are straight up, straight down, right
gaze, abd left gaze.
- Tertiary positions are four oblique positions of gaze : up and
right, up and left, down and right, and down and left.
- Cardinal positions are up and right, up and left, right, left,
down and right, and down and left.
31
32
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Action
33
Eye Movements
I. Monocular eye movements (ductions)
1. Adduction is movement of the eye nasally.
2. Abduction is movement of the eye temporally
3. Elevation (supraduction) is an upward rotation of the eye.
4. Depression (infraduction) is a downward rotation of the eye.
5. Intorsion (incicloduction)is a nasal rotation of the superior
portion of the vertical corneal meridian.
6. Extorsion (excycloduction) is a temporal rotation of the
superior portion of the vertical cornea meridian
Sherrington’s law
34
The important terms in monocular eye movements :
Synergis, the muscle in the same eye acts with the agonist to
produce a given movement.
35
II. Binocular eye movements : Consists of two types :
1. Version (conjugate binocular eye movements) ;
the eyes move in the same direction.
Right gaze (dextroversion)
Left gaze (levoversion)
Upgaze (sursumversion)
Downgaze (doursumversion)
Dextrocycloversion
Levocycloversion
Yoke muscle is used to describe two muscle (one in each eye)
that are prime movers of their respective eyes in the given
position of gaze
Hering’s law
36
2. Vergences (disconjugate binocular eye movement)
Convergence
Divergence
Incyclovergence
Excyclovergence
37
38