PUMPS

B A UZ O N, G IA N PAO LO B .
CAB A NG A L, D U ST IN MAR IEL
WHAT IS A PUMP?

A pump is a mechanical equipment that adds energy to a liquid to

move it from one point to another, usually from lower to higher
elevation. Since energy is the capacity to do work, work is done on the
liquid.
TERMS USED IN PUMPS
• Head – is the vertical distance from surface of liquid to an arbitrary
selected elevation or datum line.
• Static head, z – the height of column of liquid or the potential energy
of the liquid per unit weight.
• Velocity head, hv – is a measure of kinetic energy contained in a unit
weight of liquid due to its velocity.
𝑣2
ℎ𝑣 =
2𝑔
where v is the velocity of the liquid
g is the acceleration due to gravity

• Friction head, hf – the head lost due to friction

• Pressure head – the head necessary to develop a specific pressure.
𝑃
ℎ𝑣 =
γ
where γ is the specific weight of the liquid
(For water, γ =62.34 lbf/ft3 @ 60 ºF)
• Total head – the total energy developed by the pump expressed in
height of the liquid. It is the algebraic sum of the static, pressure,
friction, and velocity heads.
• Hydraulic or water power, Pw – the theoretical power necessary to
raise a given volume of liquid from a lower to a higher elevation
𝑃𝑤 = 𝛾𝑄𝐻
Where Q is the volume flow rate
H is the total head

• Brake power – the actual power necessary to raise a given olume of

liquid from a lower to a higher elevation
• Pump efficiency – the ratio of hydraulic power to the brake power.
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

• Employs centrifugal force for pumping liquid

• Kinetic energy is added by a high speed revolving impeller
• Kinetic energy is then converted into pressure energy by passing
through a volute casing
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
ROTARY PUMP

• A positive displacement pump consisting of a fixed casing containing

gears, cams, screws, vanes, plungers or similar elements by rotation
of the drive shaft
• Traps a fixed amount of liquid then forces the trapped liquid into the
discharge pipe
TYPES OF ROTARY PUMP
• Gear pump
• Screw pump
• Progressive cavity pump
• Lobe pump
Gear Pump

• Uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid

• One of the most common types of pumps for hydraulic fluid power
applications
• Types:
• External gear pump – the teeth of the gears mesh on the outer surface
• Internal gear pump – the teeth of the gears mesh internally
Gear Pump

Internal gear pump

External gear pump
 External Gear Pump
Trapped liquid

Suction Discharge
 Internal Gear Pump
Trapped liquid

Suction Discharge
Screw Pump

• Uses screws with opposite threads to move fluids along the screw
axis
• The screws are mounted on parallel shafts that have gears that mesh
so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place.
• Often used to pump high pressure viscous fluids
Screw Pump
Screw Pump
Progressive Cavity Pump

• Widely used for pumping

difficult materials, such as
sewage sludge contaminated
with large particles, this pump
consists of a helical rotor,
about ten times as long as its
width. Such pumps can
develop very high pressure at
low volumes.
Lobe Pump

• Displaces the liquid trapped between two long helical rotors, each
fitted into the other when perpendicular at 90°, rotating inside a
triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of
suction and at the point of discharge.
Lobe Pump
RECIPROCATING PUMP

• Is a positive displacement pump where the pumping action is

accomplished by the forward and backward movement of a piston or
plunger inside a cylinder usually provided with valves
TYPES OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS
• Piston Pump
• Plunger Pump
• Diaphragm Pump
Piston Pump
• A piston pump is a type of
positive displacement
pump where the high
pressure seal reciprocates
with the piston.
 Piston Pump

Single Acting Piston Pump – pumps fluid Double Acting Piston Pump – both have
in one side of the piston suction and discharge valve on each
cylinder.
Piston Pump

Single Acting

Double Acting
Plunger Pump

• A reciprocating plunger pushes the

fluid through one or two open valves,
closed by suction on the way back.
• Plunger pumps share the same
operating principles of the piston
pumps but use a plunger instead of a
piston in the cylinder cavity
Diaphragm Pump
• uses a combination of the
reciprocating action of a rubber,
thermoplastic or Teflon diaphragm
and suitable valves on either side of
the diaphragm (check valve, butterfly
valves, flap valves, or any other form
of shut-off valves) to pump a fluid.
Diaphragm Pump
USES OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF PUMPS
• Positive Displacement Pumps
• Used for high viscosity fluids
• For fluids with trace amounts of fragile or sensitive solids
• Low flow rate, higher pressure

• Centrifugal Pumps
• All sorts of liquids can be used for centrifugal pumps
• Highest flow rates of all pump types
• Handles clean or dirty liquids and liquids with low viscosity
• Liquid should not contain air or vapors
• Diaphragm Pumps
• Used for high viscosity fluids
• For pumping liquids with high solid content

• Gear Pumps
• For clean oils and other viscous fluids

• Piston Pumps and Plunger Pumps

• High pressure applications
• Commonly used in oil production
APPLICATION OF PUMPS IN THE
PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY
PROCESS CHARGE PUMPS

• Charge pumps in petroleum refineries put the fluids under a high

pressure to transfer them to various reaction columns.
• These pumps have multiple stage impellers in order to create the
high pressure needed for certain processes
The charge pump pumps the naphtha feed into the hydrotreating unit
where the naphtha feed passes a heat exchanger to pre-heat the feed
before being supplied to the charge heater to heat the fluid to the
proper reaction temperature
PUMPAROUNDS
• In the atmospheric distillation process, one way to remove heat is the
use of pumparounds.
• Hot liquid is drawn from a tray in the distillation column, then cooled
by pumping it through a heat exchanger before returning the cooled
liquid into a higher tray at the distillation column.
RESIDUUM & VACUUM BOTTOMS PUMPS
• From the base of the atmospheric distillation tower, heavier ends are
conveyed to the vacuum tower.
• These residual fluids have a high viscosity, therefore a pump is
needed to transfer this liquid to the vacuum tower.
• The residue stream is exposed to a vacuum wherein great amount of
lighter ends are removed and a residuum called Vacuum Bottoms is
formed.
• This vacuum residue is more viscous than the original residue and
again needs boosting with the use of a pump.
• Operation should be at a low pressure to allow the reduced crude to
boil at a lower temperature
• Operating pumps at reduced speed for this process can help extend
pump life
STORAGE TANK LOADING AND
UNLOADING PUMPS
• Daily transferring of petroleum products in and out of storage
terminals is another important application of pumps in the industry.
• High viscosity of these products require higher power output of the
pumps used in order to efficiently transfer the liquid into different
storage tanks.
Base stock tanks (left) are used to store an intermediate stock for
product blending. The loading and unloading pumps (right) are used to
transfer the fluids into the tank.
BOILER FEED PUMP FOR THE STEAM
SYSTEM
• Steam system is an important part of petroleum refineries since they
make use of steam as a working fluid for heat exchangers, reboilers,
and utility plant heating
• Boiler feed pump is used to increase the pressure of water up to the
working pressure of the boiler in the steam system.
Multistage pump is used as a boiler feed pump to achieve the high
operating pressure of a boiler.
REFERENCES
• http://www.globalspec.com/reference/81436/203279/chapter-15-
pumparounds-and-tower-heat-flows-closing-the-tower-enthalpy-
balance
• http://www.pumpschool.com/applications/Fuel_Oil.pdf
• http://www.snm.co.jp/recruit/lecture/pump_02.html
• Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines handouts by Engr. Ildefonso E. Barrera
• Petroleum Refining Processes lecture notes by Engr. Elisa G. Eleazar