GLOBAL WARMING

SUBMITTED BY :
TANMAY PAL (18JE0871)
TANUSHREE SINHA (18JE0872)
TANYA SHARMA(18JE0873)
TEJASWI YAMAREDDY(18JE0876)
TEALLPURAM NAMRITA(18JE0877)
THOKALA AAKASH(18JE0878)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Mr.T.H.SYED who gave us the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic Global Warming, which also helped
us in doing a lot of Research and we came to know about so many
new things. We thank Thinkquest to help us to explore about the
major concern of the world i.e "GLOBAL WARMING“…..

• Secondly, we would also like to thank our friends who helped us a

lot in finishing this project within the limited time.
• We are making this project not only to get selected but to also
increase our knowledge...
• THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED US!!!!!!!!
 INTRODUCTION
• Global warming is a long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system, an
aspect of climate change shown by temperature measurements and by multiple effects of the
warming.Though earlier geological periods also experienced episodes of warming, the term
commonly refers to the observed and continuing increase in average air and ocean temperatures
since 1900 caused mainly by emissions of greenhouse gasses in the modern industrial economy. In
the modern context the terms global warming and climate change are commonly used
interchangeably ,but climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes
to precipitation and impacts that differ by region. Many of the observed warming changes since the
1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record, and
in historical and paleoclimate proxy records of climate change over thousands to millions of years.
• Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions
reduction, adaptation to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are
parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), whose ultimate
objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have
agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well
below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) compared to pre-industrial levels, with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 °C
(2.7 °F). Some scientists call into question climate adaptation feasibility, with higher emissions
scenarios,[or the two degree temperature target.
 CAUSES
• Global warming looms large over humanity. According to the EPA,
worldwide greenhouse gas emissions attributed to human activities
increased twenty six percent from 1990 to 2005. The rise in carbon dioxide
concentrations in the atmosphere accounts for approximately eighty
percent of this increase. Often debated, the effects of global warming on
the planet and the human population are frightening and mostly self-
inflicted.
• Power Plants
• Forty percent of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions stem from electricity
production. Ninety-three percent of the electric industry emissions result
from burning coal. According to the EPA coal-fired power plants, municipal
and medical waste incineration account for two-thirds of U.S. mercury
emissions.
• Transportation
• EPA reports state that thirty-three percent of U.S. emissions come from
the transportation of people and goods.
• Natural Gas Drilling
• Touted as a cleaner fuel source, natural gas drilling causes massive
air pollution in states like Wyoming; the hydraulic fracturing
technique used to extract natural gas from shale deposits pollutes
ground water sources as well.
• Permafrost
• The melting of permafrost releases tons of trapped green house
gases which further speeds up the melting of more permafrost.
Scientists calculate that approximately five-hundred gigatons of
carbon is trapped in the Siberian permafrost alone. A single gigaton
equals one billion tons.
• Garbage
• As trash breaks down in landfills, it releases methane and nitrous
oxide gases. Approximately eighteen percent of methane gas in the
atmosphere comes from waste disposal and treatment.
• Deforestation and Land Development -
• Deforestation is a major contributor to global climate change and occurs for a
number of reasons. Not only does deforestation take place to meet the demands
of some of the previously mentioned activities, but also in response to the timber
industry and land development efforts. Trees are important for controlling the
climate because they remove carbon dioxide from the air, produce oxygen, and
help maintain temperatures. When forests are removed from the earth, carbon
dioxide levels increase. Reducing deforestation practices is a top priority for many
countries, particularly those with significant expanses of rainforests. Strict controls
have been set in place to increase monitoring and produce geo-reference maps,
both important in stopping deforestation. In addition, governments are promoting
land protection through various acts, thus preserving large areas of forested land.
• Animal Agriculture -
• Producing livestock leads to environmental degradation. Animal agriculture
contributes methane and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through feed
production and processing and waste fermentation and decomposition. In
addition, the space required to raise livestock and its food results in deforestation
around the world. Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture
can be obtained by more utilizing up-to-date technologies. In addition, best
practices policies that are already defined are not being implemented by all
livestock agricultural industries. These policies include more efficient feeding
techniques, breeding, and manure management.
• 7. Manufacturing -
• The manufacturing industry contributes 21% of all greenhouse gas emissions globally. It
contributes to climate change by releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. Numerous factories have been found responsible for this from car plants
to steel producers. Some governments have attempted to reduce the effects of the
manufacturing industry by offering tax incentives based on reductions in greenhouse
gas creation. Manufacturers could upgrade technologies within their factories to cut
energy use and greenhouse gases. Other governments have introduced cap and
allowance trading systems. This type of system functions by setting a limit on emissions
and permitting low greenhouse gas emitters to sell their excess other big emissions-
producing companies.
• 6. Transportation -
• Private, public, and freight transportation are all crucial for trade, manufacturing, and
transportation of people for work and travel. However, emissions from vehicles, trains,
ships, and airplanes make up 14% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions
are high because they rely on petroleum, which has been refined into gasoline. When
gasoline burns, it emits carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Personal vehicles
are thought to be the biggest contributor in this category. Alternatives to fossil fuel-
burning vehicles are becoming increasingly available. Bio-fuels can reduce emissions by
up to 80%, fuel efficient vehicles use significantly less gas, and electric cars do not rely
on petroleum to run. Some city and state governments have implemented work
schedules during off-peak hours, which reduces the amount of time the vehicle is
running in traffic jams and emitting pollution. Other individuals choose to take public
transportation to reduce the number of cars on the road.
• . Electrical Power Generation -
• In the United States, production of electricity contributes 30% of the
country’s greenhouse gas emissions. This is because the majority of
electricity is produced by burning fossil fuels such as coal. It creates the
demand for increased mining endeavors as well. The smoke rising from
power plants contains carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, among other
gases. In order to reduce these emissions, governments have provided tax
incentives to encourage power plants to update their technologies. In
addition, many companies have invested in renewable energy such as
wind, air, and solar power as alternative to fossil fuels.
• . What Is Being Done to Reduce Greenhouse Emissions? -
• Because greenhouse gases are mobile and move to effect people, places,
and climates all over the world, reducing these emissions must be an
international effort. Several international treaties have been implemented
over the years to encourage greenhouse gas reductions. Some of the
these include the Montreal Protocol, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Cancun
Agreements. Most recently, 197 countries have signed the Paris
Agreement. This treaty allowed member nations to define how they would
decrease emissions and requires 5-year reporting to ensure compliance.
• Burning of Solid Fuels and Biomass for Heating and Cooking -
• All around the world, families burn a wide variety of solid fuels and biomass for heating and cooking
purposes, including wood, charcoal, animal dung, and agricultural waste. These are often utilized in
inefficient stoves or on open fires, which results in increased need for these products due to inefficient
burning. To obtain these products, many community members cut down trees in nearby forests, known as
deforestation. With less trees, less carbon dioxide is taken from the air to be turned into oxygen. In
addition, the smoke released from this type of heating and cooking is not only dangerous for the family
breathing it, but also for the atmosphere outside. The smoke contains high levels of carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and methane. This activity makes up 6% of the share of global greenhouse gas
emissions. To reduce these emissions, and to improve the health of families using these systems, many
nonprofit organizations and governments alike have come together in order to implement cleaner burning
cook stoves. These stoves can reduce emissions and the need for solid fuel by between 30% and 60%.
• Extraction, Processing, and Handling of Petrochemicals -
• The petroleum industry is responsible for extracting, processing, and handling petrochemicals such as
crude oil and natural gas. Combustion of petrochemicals results in the production of toxic gases such as
carbon monoxide, methanol, and nitrogen. The nitrogen oxidizes in the air and becomes nitrous oxide,
which combines with the sulfur dioxide (also produced by the petrochemicals). Together, these two
chemicals create acid rain. In addition to these greenhouse gases, the petrochemical extraction industry
also expels large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This activity is responsible for 24% of all
greenhouse gas emissions. Several countries have undergone efforts to reduce the need for oil and natural
gas in order to combat global climate change. Some of these efforts include phase out plans, improved
technology, clean energy substitutions, and biomass-based plastics and oils.
• Volcanic Eruption
• Volcanoes expel large quantities of carbon dioxide when they erupt. Volcanoes
have an overall small effect on global warming and an eruption causes a short-
term global cooling as ash in the air reflects greater amounts of solar energy.
• 5. Crop Cultivation -
• Cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and grains may not sound as if they are activities
that could contribute to global climate change, but in fact they very much are. Not
only does food agriculture emit greenhouse gases, but it also leads to
deforestation in order to produce greater tracts of agricultural land. Rice
cultivation, for example, produces significant amounts of methane into the
atmosphere. Applying fertilizer to crops is also responsible for releasing nitrous
oxide. Governmental policies around the world are working to reduce emissions
caused by crop cultivation. Some ways to achieve this include reduced application
of fertilizer and organic farming. Tax incentives have funded new technologies that
are able to trap methane. This trapped methane is then used to produce energy or
is burned in a flare.
 EFFECTS
• Temperature changest
• Physical impacts
– Effects on weather
– Extreme weather
– Oceans
• Oxygen depletion
• Sea level rise
• Ocean temperature rise
• Social systems
• Droughts and agriculture
– Health
– Water resources
– Migration and conflict
• Biological systems
– Observed impacts on biological systems
– Projected impacts on biological systems
• Abrupt or irreversible changes
– Biogeochemical cycles
• The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused
(directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a
scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are
the primary driver.[1] Many impacts of climate change have already been observed,
including glacier retreat,[2] changes in the timing of seasonal events[2](e.g., earlier
flowering of plants),[3] and changes in agricultural productivity.[2]Anthropogenic
forcing has likely contributed to some of the observed changes, including sea level
rise, changes in climate extremes, declines in Arctic sea iceextent and glacier
retreat.[4]
• Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change
policies[5] and social development.[6] The two main policies to address climate
change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation)
and adapting to the impacts of climate change.[7] Geoengineering is another policy
option.[7]
• Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate
change impacts.[5][8] Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global
warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial
levels.[9]Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil
fuels[10] might lead to global warming of around 4 °C.[11][12] Higher magnitudes of
global warming would be more difficult to adapt to,[13] and would increase the risk
of negative impacts.[14]
• This article doesn't cover ocean acidification, which is directly caused by
atmospheric carbon dioxide, not global warming.
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• 1. Speak up!
• 2. Power your home with renewable energy.
• 3. Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.
• 4. Invest in energy-efficient appliances.
• 5. Reduce water waste.
• 6. Actually eat the food you buy—and make less of it
meat.
• 7. Buy better bulbs.
• 8. Pull the plug(s).
• 9. Drive a fuel-efficient vehicle.
• 10. Maintain your ride.
 CONCLUSION

Both supporters, and anti-supporters of global warming have good views on why,
however I believe that global warming is a thing. Using many outside sources, and a
video from Stephen Hawking, I feel that global warming is a thing because of the
amount of people on Earth.

The more people there are on Earth, the more devices being used, and CO2 being
breathed out. The atmosphere cannot recycle the CO2 as fast as it's being produced,
therefore trapping in more heat from the sun. Thus making the world hotter. By this
happening, the glaciers melt, absorbing more sunlight because the glaciers normally
reflect it. When there are no glaciers, the sun will heat up the planet, thus having
hydrogen extracted from Earth, causing Earth to be just like Venus.