5.

2 Definite Integrals

Rattlesnake Mountain, elevation 3,527 ft (1017 m)

is located in the Hanford Reach National
Monument near Richland, Washington. Known
as Lalíik (“land above the water”) by the Yakama
Nation, it is considered sacred by several Native
American tribes. Rattlesnake Mountain is said to
be the highest treeless mountain in the United
States.

Rattlesnake Mountain, Washington State

Photo by Greg Kelly, 2011 Greg Kelly, Hanford High School, Richland, Washington
 5.2 Definite Integrals

Gottfried Leibniz was a German who developed calculus independently of

Isaac Newton. We use the notation developed by Leibniz for calculus.
3
1 When we find the area
V  t2 1
8
under a curve by adding
2
rectangles, the answer is
called a Riemann sum.
1 (named for Bernhard
Riemann, 1826-1866)

0 1 2 3 4
The width of a rectangle is
subinterval called a subinterval.

The entire interval is

partition called the partition.

Subintervals do not all have to be the same size.


3
1
V  t2 1
8
2
If the partition is denoted by P, then
the length of the longest subinterval
1
is called the norm of P and is
denoted by P .
0 1 2 3 4

subinterval
As P gets smaller, the
partition approximation for the area gets
better.

n
Area  lim  f  ck  xk if P is a partition
P 0
k 1 
of the interval a, b 


 n
lim  f  ck  xk is called the definite integral of
P 0
k 1 f over a, b .
If we use subintervals of equal length, then the length of a
ba
subinterval is: x 
n
The definite integral is then given by:

n
lim  f  ck  x
n 
k 1


 n
lim  f  ck  x Leibnitz introduced a simpler notation
n  for the definite integral:
k 1

n
lim  f  ck  x   f  x  dx
b

n  a
k 1

Note that the very small change

in x becomes dx.


 upper limit of integration

f  x  dx
Integration b
Symbol
 a
integrand
variable of integration
lower limit of integration (dummy variable)

It is called a dummy variable

because the answer does not
depend on the variable chosen.
 f  x  dx
b
 a

We have the notation for integration, but we still need

to learn how to evaluate the integral.


 In section 5.1, we considered an object moving at a
constant rate of 3 ft/sec.

Since rate . time = distance: 3t  d

If we draw a graph of the velocity, the distance that the
object travels is equal to the area under the line.
3

After 4 seconds,
2
the object has
gone 12 feet.
velocity
1
ft
3  4 sec  12 ft
0 1 2 3 4
sec
time

 3

If the velocity varies:

1 2

v  t 1
2 1

1 2
Distance: s  t t 0 1 2 3 4
4 x

1
(C=0 since s=0 at t=0) Area  1  3 4  8
2
1
After 4 seconds: s  16  4
4 The distance is still
s 8 equal to the area
under the curve!
Notice that the area is a trapezoid.

 1 2
What if: v  t  1
3

8
2

0 1 2 3 4
x

We could split the area under the curve into a lot of thin
trapezoids, and each trapezoid would behave like the large
one in the previous example.
It seems reasonable that the distance will equal the area
under the curve.


 ds 1 2 3
v  t 1
dt 8
2

1 3
s t t
1

24
0 1 2 3 4
x

1 3
s 4 4
24 2
The area under the curve  6
3
2
s6
3
We can use anti-derivatives to
find the area under a curve!

Let’s look at it another way:
Let Aa  x   area under the
curve from a to x.

(“a” is a constant)

a x xh Then:

Aa  x   Ax  x  h   Aa  x  h 
Aa  x  Ax  x  h 

Ax  x  h   Aa  x  h   Aa  x 
Aa  x  h 


 The area of a rectangle drawn
under the curve would be less
than the actual area under the
min f max f curve.

The area of a rectangle drawn

above the curve would be
x xh more than the actual area
h under the curve.

short rectangle  area under curve  tall rectangle

h  min f  Aa  x  h   Aa  x   h  max f
Aa  x  h   Aa  x 
min f   max f
h

 Aa  x  h   Aa  x 
min f   max f
h
As h gets smaller, min f and max f get closer together.

Aa  x  h   Aa  x 
lim  f  x  x  is the
AaThis F definition
x  c
h 0 h of derivative!
Aa  a   F  a   c
d
Aa  x   f  x 
dx 0  F a  c
initial
Take the anti-derivative value
of both F  a   c
sides to find an explicit formula
for area.


 Aa  x  h   Aa  x 
min f   max f
h
As h gets smaller, min f and max f get closer together.

Aa  x  h   Aa  x  Aa  x   F  x   c
lim  f  x
h 0 h
Aa  a   F  a   c
d
Aa  x   f  x 
dx 0  F a  c

F  a   c
Aa  x   F  x   F  a 
Area under curve from a to x = antiderivative at x minus
antiderivative at a. 
 n
Area  lim  f  ck  xk
P 0
k 1

  f  x  dx
b

 F  x  F a


Example: yx 2

4
Find the area under the curve from
3 x=1 to x=2.
2 1 3 1
  2  1
2 2
x dx
1
1 3 3
2
1 3 8 1 7
0 1 2
x  
3 1 3 3 3

Area
Area from
under thex=0 Areax=from
curve from 1 to x=0
x=2.
to x=2 to x=1

Example: yx 2

4
Find the area under the curve from
3 x=1 to x=2.

2
To do the same problem on the TI-89:
1

0 1 2   x ^ 2, x,1, 2  ENTER

2nd 7


 Example:
Find the area between the
1
3
pos. 2
x-axis and the curve y  cos x 0

from x  0 to x 
3 .  neg.
-1 2
2
 3

0
2
cos x dx   cos x dx
2 On the TI-89:

  abs  cos  x  , x, 0,3 / 2

2
 /2 3 / 2
sin x 0  sin x  / 2
 3  3
  
 sin  sin 0    sin  sin  If you use the absolute
 2   2 2
value function, you
1  0   1 1 3 don’t need to find the
roots.
