ELECTRON

THEORY
PREPARED BY : ARQUAM WAHAJ
ROLL NO : AMT-160119
 WHAT IS MATTER?
• Matter is anything that occupies space & has mass.
• TYPES OF MATTER:
• SOLID.
• LIQUID.
• GAS.
• PLASMA.
 STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a Close together with Well separated with Has no definite
regular pattern no regular no regular volume or shape and
Vibrate, but do not arrangement. arrangement. is composed of
move from place to Vibrate, move Vibrate and move electrical charged
place about, and slide freely at high particles
past each other speeds
 ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS

• An ELEMENT is a substance that can’t be reduced to a simpler substance. They

are primary constituents of matter.

• When two elements are chemically bounded together, the resulting substance
is called a COMPOUND.
WHAT IS MOLECULE?

• A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit

of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
WHAT IS AN ATOM?

• The smallest particle of an element that can chemically exist.

• An atom has three subatomic particles.

• ELECTRONS: Revolve around the nucleus.

• PROTONS: Exist inside the nucleus.
• NEUTRONS: Exist inside the nucleus.
 SHELLS.
• The shells, and the number of electrons required to fill them may be predicted
by Pauli’s exclusion principle that states that each shell will contain a maximum
of 2𝑛2 electrons, where “n” is number of shell.
 SUBSHELLS
• Each shell can be divided into sub-shells. There are four sub-shells namely
s, p, d & f. The number of electrons in each sub-shell is given as,

•s 2
•p 6
•d 10
•f 14
• VALENCE: The number of electrons in the outermost shell determines the
valence of an atom.

• IONIZATION: When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes ion or

said to be ionized. Atom with more than required number
of electrons is called anion, while an atom with less than
required number of electrons is called cation.
ANY QUESTION?