RESEARCH ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE

TEACHING

COLLECTING QUALITATIVE DATA

ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING

QUALITATIVE DATA

REPORTING AND EVALUATING

RESEARCH

Group 4

Ayu wulansari 1623016

Miranda florennica 1623007
 COLLECTING QUALITATIVE DATA

1. Identify participants and sites

Five Steps 2. Gain access to individuals and sites

in the
Process 3. Identify what types of information will
Of Data answer your research questions

Collection 4. Design protocols or instruments for

collecting and recording information

5. Administer the data collection

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 DIFFERENCE SAMPLING APPROACHES FOR SELECTING
PARTICIPNTS AND SITES

Random “Quantitative” Sampling

Select representative individuals
To generalize from sample to population
To make “claims” about the population
To build/test “theories” that explain the population

Purposeful “Qualitative” Sampling

Select people/sites who can best help us understand our
phenomenon
To develop detailed understanding
That might be “useful” information
That might help people “learn” about the phenomenon
That might give voice to “silenced” people

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Types Of Purposeful Sampling

Before Data Collection After Data Collection

What is the intent? Has Started
What is the intent?

Maximal
Variation Homogenous
Sampling Sampling
Typical
Sampling Opportunistic Confirming/
Sampling Disconfirming
Sampling

Critical Theory or Concept

Extreme
Sampling Sampling
Case Snowball
Sampling Sampling

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Types Of Permissions Will Be Required To Gain
Access To Participants And Sites

 Seek Institutional Review Board Approval

 Gatekeepers

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 The Information You Will Collect

• Observations
• Interviews
• Documents
• Audiovisual materials

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 OBSERVATION

• An observation is the process of gathering first-hand

information by observing people and places at a
research site.
• Observational roles
– Participant observer: An observational role adopted
by researchers when they take part in activities in the
setting they observe
– Nonparticipant observer: An observer who visits a
site and records notes without becoming involved in
the activities of the participants
• Observational roles can be changed.

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 The Process Of Observing

• Obtain the required permissions needed to gain

access to the site
• Ease into the site slowly by looking around, getting
a general sense of the site, and taking limited notes,
at least initially
• Identify who or what to observe, when to observe,
and how long to observe
• Determine, initially, your role as an observer

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 The Process of Observing (cont’d)

• Conduct multiple observations over time to obtain the

best understanding of the site and the individuals
• Design some means for recording notes during an
observation
– Descriptive field notes describe the events, activities,
and people
– Reflective field notes record personal reflections that
relate to their insights, hunches, or broad themes
that emerge
• When complete, slowly withdraw from the site

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Interviews

• Types: One-on-one, phone, e-mail,

focus group
• General open-ended questions that are
asked allow the participant to:
– Create options for responding
– Voice their experiences and perspectives
• Information is recorded, then
transcribed for analysis.

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Interview procedures

• Identify the interviewees

• Determine the type of interview you will
use (e.g., focus group, one-on-one)
• Take brief notes during the interview
• Locate a quiet, suitable place
• Obtain consent from the interviewee to
participate in the study

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Interview Procedures (cont’d)

• During the interview, have an interview plan using your

interview protocol, but be flexible

• Use probes to follow up on areas of interest

– Include possible probes in your interview protocol

– During the interview, design probes as you listen to

what the participant is talking about

• Be courteous and professional when the interview is over

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Procedures Of Collecting Document

1. Identify the types of document.

2. Consider both public and private document
3. Once the document are located
4. If you ask participants to keep a journal,provide
specific instruction about the procedure
5. Once you have permission to use document
6. Record information from the document

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Steps Of Collecting Audiovisual
Materials

• Determine the material that can provide evidence

to address your research questions
• Determine if the material is available and obtain
permission to use it
• Check the accuracy and authenticity of the
material if you do not record it yourself
• Collect the data and organize it

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Procedures For Record Data

Using Protocols

• Interview protocols: A form designed by the researcher that

contains instructions for the process of the interview, the
questions to be asked, possible probes associated with each
question, and space to take notes on responses from the
interviewee.
• Observation protocols: A form designed by the researcher
before data collection that is used for taking fieldnotes during
an observation

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Interview Protocols

 The header: Essential information about the interview.

 Open-ended questions
• “Ice-breaker”
• Questions that address major research questions
• Probes that clarify and elaborate
 Include space between each question for notes.
 Closing comments thanking the participant

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Observational Protocols

 In the header, record information about the time,

place, setting, and your observational role.

 Divide the rest of the protocol into two columns:

• Left column to record descriptive notes about
the activities at the site.
• Right column to record reflective notes about
themes, quotes, and personal experiences at the
site.

Include a sketch of the site

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Field Issues in Data Collection

Field issues
 Sufficient access to the site for data collection
•Sufficient time for data collection
•Limit initial collection to one or two observations or interviews
•Time is needed to establish a substantial database
 Observational role
 Building rapport with participants
 Obtaining permission to use documents and audiovisual
materials

Collecting
Qualitative Data
 Ethical Issues

 Informing participants of purpose

 Refraining from deceptive practices
 Sharing your role as researcher
 Being respectful of the research site
 Giving back or reciprocity
 Using ethical interview practices
 Maintaining confidentiality
 Collaborating with participants
Collecting
Qualitative Data
 The Six
Steps In VALIDATE
PREPARE REPRESENT
Analyzing AND
EXPLORE BUILD
AND INTERPRET
THE
AND CODE DESCRIPTION ACCURACY
and ORGANIZE
THE DATA AND THEMES
REPORT FINDINGS
OF YOUR
Interpreting THE DATA FINDINGS
FINDINGS
Qualitative
Data

Analyzing &
interpreting
 PREPARE AND ORGANIZE THE DATA

 Organize data
Transcribe data
Analyze by hand or computer analysis.

Analyzing &
interpreting
 EXPLORE AND CODE DATA

Explore the General Sense of the Data

An initial exploration analysis in qualitative research

consists of exploring data to get a general understanding of
data, generating ideas, thinking about data organization,
and considering whether you need more data.

Analyzing &
interpreting
 Coding the Data

The coding process according to Creswell are:

1. Read the data as a whole.
2. Divide / sort data into segments.
3. Name the segment with code.
4. Reduce overlapping code with unnecessary
code.
5. Lower the code into themes.

Analyzing &
interpreting
 BUILD DESCRIPTION AND THEMES

DESCRIPTION

Descriptions are explanations of good

people, places, or events in qualitative
research.

Analyzing &
interpreting
 Themes

There are four types of themes :

• Ordinary themes
• Unexpected themes
• Hard-to-classify themes
• Major and minor themes

Analyzing &
interpreting
 REPRESENT AND REPORT FINDINGS

Representing Findings
Tree diagram
Comparision table

Draw a map
Demographic Table

Analyzing &
interpreting
Demographic Table
Reporting Findings

Narrative

Analyzing &
interpreting
 INTERPRET FINDINGS

Summarize Findings

Convey Personal Reflections

Make Comparisons

Offer limitation and Suggestions for Future

Research

Analyzing &
interpreting
 VALIDATE THE ACCURACY OF YOUR
FINDINGS

The researcher determines the accuracy or credibility of

the findings through strategies

Triangulation Member checking External audit

Analyzing &
interpreting
REPORTING AND EVALUATING
RESEARCH
 What is a research report ?

A research report is a completed study that

reports an investigation or exploration of a
problem, identifies questions to be
addressed, and includes data collected,
analyzed, and interpreted by the researcher.

Reporting &
evaluating
 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF RESEARCH
REPORTS?

• Research Report: a completed study that

reports an investigation or exploration of a
problem
– Dissertations and theses
– Dissertation and theses proposals
– Journal articles
– Conference papers
– Conference paper proposals
– Reports for policy makers and schools

Reporting &
evaluating
 HOW SHOULD YOU STRUCTURRE YOUR
REPORT?

• Look at the physical structure of research

roport.
• Design an appropriate quantitative structure
• Design an appropriate qualitative structure
 qualitative scientific structure
 qualitative storytelling structure

Reporting &
evaluating
 HOW DO YOU WRITE IN A
SENSITIVE,ETHICAL,AND SCHOLARY WAY?

- Use Language That Reduces Bias.

- Encode Scholary Term Into Your Research
- Use Ethical Reporting And Writing Research Result
- Use Appropriate Point Of View
- Balance Your Research And Content
- Interconnect Section For Consistency
- Advance A Concise Title

Reporting &
evaluating
 HOW DO EVALUATE THE QUALITY OF
YOUR RESEARCH?

Employ Appropriate Standars

• Does the research meet the standars for publication?

• Will the research useful in our school?
• Will the reseach advance policy discassions in our region?
• will the reseach add to our scholarly knowledge about a topic
or research problem?
• Will the research help address some pressing educational
problem?

Reporting &
evaluating
 Quantitative standars

• Lack of validity and reliability in data-gathering procedures.

• Weaknesses in th research designs
• Limitations of the studyy were not stated
• Research design not appropriate for the problem
• Inappropriate sampling
• Result of analysis not clearly reported
• Inappropriate mrthods used to analyze data
• Unclear writing
• Assumptions not clearly stated
• Data-gathering methods not clearly described

Reporting &
evaluating
 Qualitative standars

Reporting &
evaluating
 Evaluate with a process approach

Reporting &
evaluating