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PRESENTATION OF DATA
The Investigation Process
IDENTIFICATION OF THE
PROBLEM
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
RESEARCH DESIGN
DATA COLLECTION
DATA ANALYSIS
WRITING-UP
The Data & Data
Collection
Data
-The data are set of characteristics
representing the research variable.
These characteristics are analyzed
and interpreted in order to draw valid
conclusions.
Data collection is the process of
gathering and measuring information on
variables of interest, in an established systematic
fashion that enables one to answer stated
research questions, test hypotheses, and
evaluate outcomes.
Data collection
• methods vary by discipline and the
nature of investigation, the emphasis on
ensuring accurate and honest collection
remains the same.
DATA COLLECTION
Observation Measurement
DATA COLLECTION
ERROR-FREE COMPLETE
REPRODUCIBLE
correct on-the-spot
techniques recording
controlled
conditions
Analysis of Data
Chapter I- Introduction
Background of the Study
Chapter IV-DISCUSSION
Chapter V-CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Use only the appropriate method of analyzing the
data gathered. There are now available computer
programs in which the students can easily input
their data and the program will show the analysis.
This reduces the cost as compared to students
hiring the professional work of a statistician. It will
also be useful to consult basic statistics books on
the statistical tools which are applicable.
International and local standards can also be used
as comparisons especially for new inventions and
products.
ANALYSIS OF DATA
• Presentation of data must be
accompanied by their analysis.
• This is the part where statistical
computations are used
• When the descriptions are
quantified, they can be analyzed
more precisely
What are involved in the analysis of data?
• Counting, measuring,
comparing and differentiating.
* The investigator must be
competent in using the
statistical tools needed in the
study.
• STATISTICS
science that deals with the collection,
tabulation or presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
TYPES OF STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics
concerned with the gathering,
classification and presentation of
data and the collection of
summarizing values to describe
group characteristics of the data
• Inferential Statistics
-allows to test a hypothesis in a statistical
significance of observed difference
between samples treated alike or
differently
Frequently used Inferential
Statistics in Scientific
Research
• t-test for correlated samples
• T-test for uncorrelated samples
• One-way ANOVA,
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Analysis should be done first
before interpretation
An analysis is useless
without interpretation while
interpretation is impossible
without analysis
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Is an adequate exposition of the true
meaning of the material presented in
terms of the purposes of the study
presented
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS-used in
testing hypothesis whether you will
accept or reject
Steps in Interpreting data
1. State your Problem
2. Formulate your Hypotheses
Ho (Null Hypothesis) – There is no significant difference
Ha-(Alternative Hypothesis) –There is significant difference
3. Level of significance
0.05 , 0.01
4. Statistics : t-test for correlated samples, t-test for
uncorrelated samples, One-way or Two way ANOVA
5. Decision Rule
If the computed value is greater than or beyond
the tabular value( critical value), reject the null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is significant difference among
means
If the computed value is lesser than the tabular
value, accept the null hypothesis
There is no significant difference among
means
EXAMPLE
Suppose a researcher wishes to determine
the significant difference between the
performance of male and female AB
students in the spelling.
Problem: Is there a significant difference
between the performance of male and
female AB students in spelling.
Null hypothesis(Ho): There is no significant difference
between the performance of male and female students in
spelling?
Alternative hypothesis (Ha) : There is significant difference
between the performance of male and female AB students
in spelling.
Statistical Tool:T-test
Results:
T-Value= 2.88
Tabular value= 2.101
Level of significance = 0.05
Statistical Tool:T-test
Results:
T-Value= 2.88
Tabular value= 2.101
Decision Rule
Interpretation
Since the t-computed value of 2.88 is greater
than t-tabular value of 2.101 at 0.05 level
of significance with 18 degrees of freedom
, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of
the research hypothesis..
Interpretation
This means that there is a significant
difference between the performance of
male and female AB students in spelling. It
implies that the male perform better than
the female students .
EXAMPLE
Suppose a researcher wishes to determine
the significant difference on the growth
rate of prawn cultured in the fishpond with
and without pellets as supplemental feeds.
Problem: Is there a significant difference
on the growth rate of prawn cultured in
the fish pond with and without pellets as
supplemental feeds?
Null hypothesis(Ho): There is no significant difference on the
growth rate of prawn cultured in the fish pond with and
without pellets as supplemental feeds
Alternative hypothesis (Ha) : There is significant difference on
the growth rate of prawn cultured in the fish pond with and
without pellets as supplemental feeds
Statistical Tool:T-test
Results:
T-Value= 6.62
Tabular value= 3.36
Level of significance = 0.05
Statistical Tool:T-test
Results:
T-Value= 6.62
Tabular value= 3.36
Decision Rule
Interpretation
The computed T-test value is greater than the
tabular value. This means that the prawn cultured
with supplemental feed (pellets) and without
supplemental feed really differ with each other.
Hence, prawn cultured with supplemental feeds is
better than prawn cultured without supplemental
feeds.Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.
T-TEST
For two uncorrelated samples or
two independent samples
Used when only two
uncorrelated groups
are
being compared and
the
measurements are
either
interval or ratio.
The two groups
may
or may not have
the
same number of
samples.
Involves testing
whether or
not there is a
significant
difference between the
population means of
the two groups.
Example :
To find out whether a new serum
would arrest leukemia, 16
patients, who had all reached an
advanced stage of the disease,
were selected. Eight patients
received the treatment and eight
did not. The survival was taken
from the time the experiment was
conducted.
No treatment With treatment
2.1 4.2
3.2 5.1
3.0 5.0
2.8 4.6
2.1 3.9
1.2 4.3
1.8 5.2
1.9 3.9
1. State your Problem
2. Formulate your Hypotheses
Ho (Null Hypothesis) – There is no significant
difference
Ha-(Alternative Hypothesis) –There is significant
difference
3. Level of significance
0.05 , 0.01
4. Statistics : t-test for correlated samples, t-test for
uncorrelated samples, One-way or Two way ANOVA
5. Decision Rule
Problem : Will new serum
arrest leukemia for the 8
patients who had all reached
an advanced stage?
HYPOTHESES :
TO IMPROVE THE
RESEARCHERS ABILITY
TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS
OF THE INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE ON THE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
Problem Situation:
CONSIDER A STUDY WHICH COMPARE
THE PERCENTAGE OF PARTICULATE
MATTER PRESENT BEFORE AND AFTER
INSTALLATION OF LUFFA FIBER FILTER
IN EXHAUST PIPE OF DIESEL
ENGINE CARS.
% PARTICULATE
CAR MATTER
BEFORE AFTER
(w/o filter) (w/ filter)
A 68.33 63.67
B 54.67 46.33
C 59.33 51.33
D 56.33 49.00
E 58.33 49.67
F 50.33 42.00
STEPS IN ANALYZING AND
INTERPRETING DATA
HYPOTHESES :
Ho : There is no significant
difference between the mean %
particulate matter of diesel engine
cars before and after the
installation of the Luffa Fiber filter
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Trial 1 3 70.5 23.5 222.25
Trial 2 3 62.3 20.76667 142.2633
Trial 3 3 67.8 22.6 186.13
ANOVA Accept Null Hypothesis because p > 0.05 (Means are the same)
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-Value F crit
Between Groups 11.64222 2 5.821111 0.031714 0.969 5.143253
Within Groups 1101.287 6 183.5478
Total 1112.929 8
Table 15 ANOVA Table for the Volume of Ethanol Obtained using
Zymomonas mobilis
Anova: Single Factor a 0.05
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Trial 1 3 75 25 301
trial 2 3 73 24.33333 184.3333
trial 3 3 75.5 25.16667 214.0833
ANOVA Accept Null Hypothesis because p > 0.05 (Means are the same)
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-Value F crit
Between Groups 1.166667 2 0.583333 0.002502 0.998 5.143253
Within Groups 1398.833 6 233.1389
Total 1400 8
THANK YOU!
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