carbon

Carbon is capable of forming

many allotropes due to its
valency . its valency is four.
There are eight allotropes of
carbon discovered and many are
yet to be discovered In recent
decades many allotropes and
forms of carbon have been
discovered .Well known forms of
carbon include diamond and
graphite. . Other unusual forms of
carbon exist at very high
temperature or extreme
pressures.
Eight allotropes

DIAMOND
GRAPHITE
C60(BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE)
C70
C540
COAL
LONSDALIETE
CARBON NANOTUBE
 DIAMOND
Diamond is one well known
allotrope of carbon. The hardness
and high dispersion of light of
diamond make it useful for both
industrial applications and
jewellery. Diamond is the
hardest known natural mineral.
This makes it an excellent
abrasive and makes it hold polish
and lustre extremely well. No
known naturally occurring
substance can cut (or even
scratch) a diamond, except
another diamond.
STRUCTURE

Each carbon atom in a

diamond is covalently
bonded to four other
carbons in a tetrahedron.
These tetrahedrons
together form a 3-
dimensional network of
six-membered carbon
rings.
PROPERTIES
It has very melting point of
about 3550 c due to strong
directional covalent bond.
Extremely hard because it is
difficult to break atoms apart
or move them in relation to
one another.
It does not conduct electricity
because all electrons are used
in bondings.
 Synthetic diamonds
Diamonds can be synthesised
artificially by subjecting pure carbon
to very high pressure and
temperature. These synthetic
diamonds are small but are otherwise
indistinguishable from natural
diamonds.
Synthetic diamonds found industrial
applications almost immediately after
their invention in the 1950s. 400
million carats (80 tonnes) of synthetic
diamonds are produced annually for
industrial use which is nearly four
times the mass of natural diamonds
mined over the same period.
uses
The dominant industrial use of
diamond is in cutting, drilling (drill
bits), grinding (diamond edged
cutters), and polishing. . Diamonds
are embedded in drill tips or saw
blades, or ground into a powder for
use in grinding and polishing
applications. Specialized applications
include use in laboratories as
containment for high pressure
experiments (see diamond anvil),
high-performance bearings, and
limited use in specialized windows.
graphite

Graphite is one of the most

common allotropes of carbon.
It is also known as plumbago
and black lead .It was
discovered around the mid
1500’s.
structure
Graphite consist of carbon
atoms, which form sheets of
linked hexagons.

Each carbon atom within a

sheet forms strong bonds to
three other carbon atoms,
but the stacked sheets are
only held together by weak
bonds.

Graphite is know as black

lead, when mix with clay it
forms the “lead” pencils.
properties
It is very good conductor of
electricity due to
delocalization of the pi bond
electrons above and below the
planes of the carbon atoms.
It has very high melting point.
Insoluble in polar and non-
polar solvents because
molecular bonds are stronger
than any intermolecular
forces.
uses

It is used in pencils,
golf clubs, paints, etc.
One of its most
important industrial
use is as a dry
lubricant in rotating
parts of machines
where oils or volatile
substance cannot be
used.
difference Between diamond and graphite:
Diamond crystallizes in the cubic system but graphite
crystallizes in the hexagonal system.
Diamond is clear and transparent, but graphite is
black and opaque
Diamond is the hardest mineral known (10 on the Mohs
scale), but graphite is one of the softest (1–2 on Mohs
scale).
Diamond is the ultimate abrasive, but graphite is soft
and is a very good lubricant.
Diamond is an excellent electrical insulator, but
graphite is a conductor of electricity.
Diamond is an excellent thermal conductor, but some
forms of graphite are used for thermal insulation (for
example heat shields and firebreaks).
Buckminsterfullerene (C60)
Buckminsterfullerene or C60 is
an allotrope of carbon
containing cluster of 60 carbon
atoms joined together to form
spherical molecules. This
allotrope was named
buckminsterfullerene after the
American architect
Buckminster Fuller because its
structure resembled the frame
work of domeshaped halls
designed by Fuller for large
international exhibitions.
structure

Buckminsterfullerene is a
football-shaped spherical
molecule in which 60
carbon atoms are
arranged in interlocking
hexagonal and pentagonal
rings of carbon atoms.
There are twenty
hexagons and twelve
pentagons of carbon.
properties
It is dark solid at room
temperature.
It is neither very hard nor
soft.
It conduct electricity slightly
due to presence of delocalized
electrons.
It has unsaturated carbon
bonding, with double and
single bonds between the
carbon molecules.
It is the only allotrope of
carbon that could be
dissolved.
c70
C70 fullerene is the fullerene
molecule consisting of 70
carbon atoms. It is a cage-like
fused-ring structure which
resembles a rugby ball, made
of 25 hexagons and 12
pentagons, with a carbon
atom at the vertices of each
polygon and a bond along
each polygon edge.
Lonsdaleite
Lonsdaleite also called hexagonal
diamond in reference to the crystal
structure, is an allotrope of carbon
with a hexagonal lattice. In nature,
it forms when meteorites containing
graphite strike the Earth. The great
heat and stress of the impact
transforms the graphite into
diamond, but retains graphite's
hexagonal crystal lattice.
Lonsdaleite was first identified in
1967 from the Canyon Diablo
meteorite, where it occurs as
microscopic crystals associated with
diamond.
Synthetic Lonsdaleite
Hexagonal diamond has also been
synthesized in the laboratory, by
compressing and heating graphite
either in a static press or using
explosives. It can also be produced
by the thermal decomposition of a
polymer, polyhydridocarbyne, at
atmospheric pressure, under inert
gas atmosphere (e.g. argon,
nitrogen), starting at temperature
110 °C (230 °F).
Amorphous carbon

Amorphous carbon is the name used for

carbon that does not have any crystalline
structure. As with all glassy materials,
some short-range order can be observed, but
there is no long-range pattern of atomic
positions. While entirely amorphous carbon
can be produced, most amorphous carbon
actually contains microscopic crystals of
graphite-like, or even diamond-like carbon.
coal
Coal is a combustible black or
brownish-black sedimentary rock
usually occurring in rock strata
in layers or veins called coal beds
or coal seams. The harder forms,
such as anthracite coal, can be
regarded as metamorphic rock
because of later exposure to
elevated temperature and
pressure. Coal is composed
primarily of carbon along with
variable quantities of other
elements, chiefly hydrogen,
sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Types of coal

Anthracite :- It is highest
quality coal.
Bituminous :- Coal that
has been buried deep Anthracite coal
and subjected to
increased temperature.
Lignite :- It is a low
grade brown coal , which
is soft with high moisture
content.
Bituminous coal
Carbon nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes, also
called Bucky tubes, are
cylindrical carbon molecules
with novel properties that
make them potentially
useful in a wide variety of
applications (e.g., nano-
electronics, optics, materials
applications, etc.). They
exhibit extraordinary
strength, unique electrical
properties, and are efficient
conductors of heat.
Other allotropes
Carbon nanobuds
Carbon nanobuds are a newly
discovered allotrope of carbon
in which fullerene like "buds"
are covalently attached to the
outer sidewalls of the carbon
nanotubes. This hybrid
material has useful properties
of both fullerenes and carbon
nanotubes. For instance, they
have been found to be
exceptionally good field
emitters.
Graphene
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon
whose structure is a single planar
sheet of sp2-bonded carbon atoms,
that are densely packed in a
honeycomb crystal lattice.[In this
material, carbon atoms are
arranged in a regular hexagonal
pattern. Graphene can be described
as a one-atom thick layer of the
layered mineral graphite. High-
quality graphene is very strong,
light, nearly transparent, and an
excellent conductor of heat and
electricity