INTERNET BROADBAND

Concept
 ITTM, Delhi
Definition of Broadband

An ‘always-on' data connection that is able to support interactive

services including Internet access.
According to Broadband policy 2004,has the capability of the
minimum download speed of 256 kilo bits per second (kbps) to an
individual subscriber from the Point Of Presence (POP) of the
service provider.
According to New Telecom policy 2011, minimum download
speed should be 512 kbps.
It provides Internet, IPTV and VoIP simultaneously along with
basic telephone service.
ITTM, Delhi
ITTM, Delhi
 ITTM, Delhi
What is ADSL ?
ADSL can transmit both voice and data simultaneously over an existing, single copper
pair up to 5.5 KM long, it is the perfect solution for service providers to meet the
increasing customer demand for faster Internet access.

An ADSL system consists of the following components:

• ADSL transceiver unit-central office (ATU-C), also referred to as DSLAM

• ADSL transceiver unit-remote (ATU-R), also referred to as an ADSL modem

• Splitter – low pass filter for separating POTS from ADSL

• Digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) – Multiplexes many ADSL copper
lines into one Ethernet uplink fiber and include the splitter in ATU-C Frame.
 Network Model for Asymmetric DSL

Remote Terminal Central Office Terminal

xDSL CORE
NETWORK
modem DSLAM
POTS copper wire POTS
Splitter Splitter

Phone
PSTN
network
Splitter- a low pass filter.
Splitter
 ITTM, Delhi
Freq. spectrum used in Broadband
ADSL Bandwidth

UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM

4 KHz 26 KHz 138 KHz 1 . 1 MHz

 ITTM, Delhi
Modulation Techniques
Traditional plain old telephone service (POTS) uses a narrow 4-kHz baseband frequency to
transmit analog voice signals. This means that even with sophisticated modulation
techniques, current modem technology can only achieve throughput of up to 56 kb/s. To
attain a much higher throughput of up to 8 Mb/s, ADSL increases the usable frequency range
from 4 kHz to 1.1 MHz. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) then allows ADSL to create
multiple frequency bands to carry upstream and downstream data simultaneously with the
POTS signal over the same copper pair. The lower 4-kHz frequency range is reserved for
POTS, the middle frequency band is used to transmit upstream data, and the larger, higher
frequency band is used for downstream data.
 ITTM, Delhi
XDSL
xDSL, is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission
over the wires of a local telephone network
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) exploits the unused analogue bandwidth
that is potentially available in the wires that run from the user premises
to the local exchange
The phone system nominally passes audio between 0.3 KHz and 3.4
KHz, which is regarded as the range required for human speech to be
clearly intelligible. This is known as voice band or commercial bandwidth
The local loop connecting the telephone exchange to most subscribers
is capable of carrying frequencies well beyond the 3.4 kHz upper limit of
POTS.
DSL takes advantage of this unused bandwidth of the local loop for
carrying data.
xDSL
Refers to different flavors of Digital Subscriber Line

Variants in DSL Technology

DSL

Asymmetric DSL
Symmetric DSL

• ISDN • ADSL(G.dmt)
• HDSL • G.Lite ADSL
• HDSL-2 • T1.413
• MSDSL • ADSL 2
• SDSL • ADSL 2+
• SHDSL • RADSL
• VDSL
 ADSL: DMT Modulation
Discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation has been chosen by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) as the standard T1.413 line code. DMT, as its name implies,
divides the data bandwidth into 256 sub-channels,or tones, ranging from 25 kHz to 1.1
MHz. Upstream data transfer frequencies range from 25 kHz to 138 kHz, and
downstream data transfer frequencies range from 138 kHz to 1.1 MHz.

 Each band is divided into bins.

1 bin = 4.3125 kHz.

 The frequency layout is :-

- 0-4 kHz - voice.
- 4-25 kHz -unused guard band.
- 25-138 kHz - 25 upstream bins (7-31).
-138-1104 kHz - 224 downstream bins (32-
255).

 No. of Bits Encoded/ Bin – 2 to 15

depending on the attenuation and signal to
noise ratio for that bin .
Discrete Multitone Technique
The modulation technique that has become standard for ADSL is called the
discrete
multitone technique (DMT). There is no set way
that the bandwidth of a system is divided. Each system can decide on its
bandwidth
division. Typically, an available bandwidth of 1.104 MHz is divided into 256
channels. Each channel uses a bandwidth of 4.312 kHz,

Voice. Channel 0 is reserved for voice communication.

Idle. Channels 1 to 5 are not used and provide a gap between voice and data
communication
 Upstream data and control. Channels 6 to 30 (25 channels) are used for
upstream data transfer and control. One channel is for control, and 24 channels
are for data transfer.
Downstream data and control. Channels 31 to 255 (225 channels) are used for
downstream data transfer and control. One channel is for control, and 224
channels are for data.
Discrete Multitone Modulation
 Attenuation

• Means loss of energy -> weaker signal

• When a signal travels through a medium it
loses energy overcoming the resistance of
the medium
• Amplifiers are used to compensate for this
loss of energy by amplifying the signal.

3.18
 Attenuation

• Signal strength falls off with distance

• Depends on type of medium
• Received signal strength:
– must be enough to be detected
– must be sufficiently higher than noise to be
received without error
• Attenuation is an increasing function of
frequency
19
 Measurement of Attenuation

• To show the loss or gain of energy the unit

“decibel” is used.

dB = 10log10P2/P1
P1 - input signal
P2 - output signal

3.20
Attenuation

3.21
 ATM Technology
• ATM is a switched, connection-oriented networking technology that
provides dedicated, high-speed connections to virtually an unlimited
number of users. It operates on a cell-based fast-packet communication
method that supports transfer rates from 1.544 Mbps to 10 Gbps.
• Dedicated media connections running in parallel allow an ATM switch to
simultaneously support multiple conversations, eliminating the bandwidth
contention and data bottlenecks found on shared-media networks such as
Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI.
• When Data is transferred in an ATM network, a switched virtual circuit
(SVC) is established between the sender and receiver. The information is
converted into fixed-length cells, which are transmitted through the
network and reassembled into data packets at the destination.
• ATM networks are fundamentally connection oriented. This
means that a virtual connection needs to be established
across the ATM network prior to any data transfer. ATM virtual
connections are of two general types:
• • Virtual path connections (VPCs), identified by a VPI.
• • Virtual channel connections (VCCs), identified by the
combination of a VPI and a VCI.
• A virtual path is a bundle of virtual channels, all of which are
switched transparently across the ATM network on the basis
of the common VPI. A VPC can be thought of as a bundle of
VCCs with the same VPI value
VPI identifies the virtual path to be used by the
cell during transmission and VCI identifies the
channel to be used. PTI tells the content of the
data portion. It tells the priority of the cell.
ATM Virtual Path And Virtual Channel
Connections
 Service Selection – PVC to Service
VLAN
Ethernet
Access Domain

PSTN / ISDN
Voice VLAN Voice
Set-top Box
Gateway

Video VLAN Video

8 x PVCs SP
per ADSL line Ethernet
Switch

ISP1 VLAN
ISP 1
Set-top Box

ISP2 VLAN Router/

BRAS ISP 2
8 x PVCs
per ADSL line
O&M VLAN

PEM
 ITTM, Delhi
Advantages of DSL Technology
DSL is more cost-effective because it eliminates the need for
extensive and expensive infrastructure upgrades.

Increased Bandwidth capacity in the existing infrastructure.

The speed is much higher than a regular voice band modem.

Voice and data can be transmitted at the same time.

Very Secure and reliable.