Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
by
Mohamad Firdaus Basrawi, Dr. (Eng)
Mechanical Engineering Faculty
mfirdausb@ump.edu.my
COMBUSTION REACTION
C + O2 � CO2
2 H 2 + O2 � 2 H 2O
S + O2 � SO2
2C + O2 2CO
Four basic conditions (MATT) for complete combustion:
C + H + O + N + S + M + A = 1.0
O2 needed for the oxidation can be calculated as follows:
C + O2 = CO2
12 kg 32kg 44 kg
1 kg 2.67 kg 3.67 kg
C kg 2.67 C kg 3.67 C kg
2 H2 + O2 = 2H2O
4 kg 32 kg 36 kg
1 kg 8 kg 9 kg
H kg 8 H kg 9 H kg
S + O2 = SO2
32 kg 32 kg 64 kg
1 kg 1 kg 2 kg
S kg S kg 2 S kg
WO2 = 2.67 C + 8 H + S - O
O: oxygen in the fuel
Air contents 23.2% oxygen by mass. Thus, theoretically air
(stoichiometric & air) needed for complete combustion of 1 kg fuel is
WO2 2.67 8 1 1
WT = = C+ H+ S- O
0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232
WT = 11.5C + 34.5H + 4.31S - 4.31O
WA - WT
%e xcess air = �100
WT
With less than needed excess air, e.g. with 115% theoretical air (15 % excess air),
The analysis of a fuel oil is given to be; Carbon 78 %, hydrogen 6%, oxygen 9% and Ash
7% with 50% excess air is supplied to the boiler. If the flue gas temperature is 320oC, and
surrounding temperature of boiler house is 20oC,
determine the energy that is carried by DFG per kg of fuel. Assume Cp for dry flue gas to
be 1.006 kJ/kg K.
Example 2
The analysis of a fuel oil is given to be; Carbon 84 %, hydrogen 10%, oxygen 1.6% and
Sulfur 3.2%. Determine:
Assume that the DFG analysis of a gas sampling is: 12% CO2, 3% CO, 5% O2 and 80% N2 by
volume.
Therefore 1 mole of DFG contains 0.12 mole CO2, 0.03 mole CO, 0.05 mole O2 and 0.8
mole N2.
44CO2
%CO2 by mass = �100
44CO2 + 28CO + 32O2 + 28N2
32O2
O2 by mass = �100
44CO2 + 28CO + 32O2 + 28N2
28N2
%N2 by mass = �100
44CO2 + 28CO + 32O2 + 28N2
28CO
%CO by mass = �100
44CO2 + 28CO + 32O2 + 28N2
2C + O2 → 2CO
24 kg 32 kg 56 kg OR For 28 kg of CO gas, it has 12 kg
Carbon
12 kg 16 kg 28 kg
12 ( CO2 + CO )
Mass of Carbon per kg DFG =
44CO2 + 28CO + 32O2 + 28 N 2
Let Cab be the mass fraction of carbon C in the fuel which has beed oxidized either to
CO2 o CO. Then (C-Cab) is the mass fraction of unburnt carbon in the refurse. For 1kg
fuel burnt, there should be Cab kg of carbon in the dfg.
Therefore,
Mass of dfg produced per kg fuel.
Cab ( 44CO2 + 28CO + 32O2 + 28N2 )
= .
12 ( CO2 + CO)
From Eqs (4.31) and (4.33)
Mass of N2 in dfg per kg fuel
Where N is the mass fraction of nitrogen in fuel. The actual amount of air supplied
per kg fuel is
28N2Cab 1 1
WA = � - N.
12 ( CO2 + CO ) 0.768 0.768
3.
2
e = =
Sulphur
: 0
.
1
32
From the dry flue gas (dfg) analysis f
=0
.
04
+
be +
bd+
e+f+
g
=
0.
12
+
bd+++
ef g
d g
=0
.
02 =
0.
82
+
bd+
e+f+
g +
bd+++
ef g
Combustion Equation (With less air)
Let us now consider the combustion of propane gas (C 3H8) with 80% theoretical air
Carbon balance: 3 = a + b
N2 amount reduced
Oxygen balance: 8 = a + 2b + 4 CO2 amount reduced
CO will be produced by the incomplete combustion
By solving balances above, finally : a = 2 , b= 1
For 1 kg of coal containing C kg carbon, the heat released by the carbon combustion ( taking
carbon to have heat of reaction of coke) at standard condition is
Heat released by carbon kJ kg �mole kJ
Ckg �407000 � = 33917C
combustion is kg �mole 12kg kg
291
,
000
S kJ
Similarly, heat released by sulphur = =
9094
S
32 kg
The available hydrogen is that hydrogen which is available for combustion, and is the
total hydrogen less than that required to combine with the oxygen in the coal, (H-O/8).
O 286000 O kJ
Heat released by hydrogen combustion = H - = 143000 H -
8 2 8 kg
O MJ
HHV = 33.917C + 143 H - + 9.094 S (27)
8 kg
The equation is very close to Dulong’s formula, as given by Equation (5)
Control of Excess Air
Proper control of the proper amount of excess air maintains optimum combustion efficiency.
Excess air is indicated by CO2 and O2 in gases.
CO2 level depends on the fuel and the optimum excess air supplied (fig. 6 ).
O2 level depends much less on the type of fuel ( fig. 7). Thus, it is prefered.
O2 - 0.5CO
%ExcessAir = x100
0.264N 2 - ( O2 - 0.5CO )
� ( CO2 )0 � O2 - 0.5CO �
�
%ExcessAir = 100 � - 1�= 100 � �
( CO
� 2 - CO ) � � 21 - O2 �
• Overall system
• Crusher
• Pulverizer
• Firing
CL2B
Study on the history and current utilization of Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite
and Peat
• Requirement:
5 pages
Double Column
A4 size
Font: 12point
Reference must be clearly cited
MASS BALANCE OF A STEAM GENERATOR
Figure 9 gives material balance for a boiler furnace on basis of 1 kg coal, where W A is the
amount of air supplied.
1kg coal =
C + H + O + S + N + M +A Wdfg= CO2+CO+O2+N2+SO2
WA+C+H+O+S+N+M+A=Wdfg+9H+M+A+C-Cab
O
W A = Wdfg + 8 H - - C ab - N - S
8
Mass of dfg produced per kg coal:
C ab (44CO2 + 28CO + 28N 2 + 32O2 )
Wdfg =
12(CO2 + CO)
C ab 11CO2 + 7CO + 8O2 + 7(100 - CO2 - CO - O2 )
=
3(CO2 + CO)
C ab (4CO2 + O2 + 700)
= (30)
3(CO2 + CO)
Where the pressure of gas pg is in kPa and Mdfg is the molecular weight of dfg. The dry
refuse analysis by mass gives AR +CR =1.00, where subscript R reperesents the refuse.
In 1 kg coal, A = WR x AR, where WR is the amount of refuse per kg coal and AR is the mass
fraction of ash in the refuse.
A
WR =
AR
A
Mass of un burnt carbon in refuse per kg coal =CW
R R=CR
AR
A
C ab = C - C R (32)
AR
ENERGY BALANCE OF A STEAM GENERATOR
The fuel supplied to a furnace when completely burned releases its heating value. This
energy converts the feedwater pumped to the boiler into steam
1.Energy loss due to dry exhaust gas 6.Energy loss due to moisture
2.Energy loss due to unburnt carbon coming with air supplied
3.Energy loss due to incomplete combustion 7.Energy loss due to ash and slag
4.Energy loss due to moisture in fuel 8.Energy loss due to convection and
radiation from the boiler surface
5.Energy loss due to hydrogen in fuel
dry exhaust gas
- kJ
Q2 = Wdfg . C Pdfg (t g - t a ),
kg
unburnt carbon
407000 kJ
Q3 = (C - C ab ) = 33917(C - C ab )
12 kg
incomplete combustion
283000 kJ kJ
= carbon = 2358.3 carbon
12 kg kg
Loss of energy per kg of fuel
kJ kg _ dfg 28CO kgCO 12kg _ carbon
Q4 = 2358.3 xWdfg x x
kgcarbon kg _ fuel 44CO2 + 28CO + 32O2 + 28N 2 kg _ dfg 28kgCO
28CO kJ
= 10100Wdfg
44CO2 + 28CO + 32O2 + 28N 2 kg
moisture in fuel
Q5 = M 4.187(100 - t f ) + 2256.8 + 2.09(t g - 100) kJ
kg
Where, tf=temperature of fuel entering the furnace
hydrogen in fuel
Q6 = 9 H 4.187(100 - t f ) + 2256.8 + 2.09(t g - 100) kJ
kg
moisture coming with air supplied
- kJ
Q7 = g AW A x Cp (t g - t a )
kg
g A- = specific humidity of air, (kg moisture)/(kg dry air)
Cp = Specific heat of superheated water vapour
ash and slag
- kJ
Q8 = (C - C ab ) + A Cp(t fu - t a )
kg
-
Cp =the average specific heat of ash, kJ/kg K
t fu =the temperature of the furnace, O
C
Ws (h2 - h1 ) + (1 - m1 )(h4 - h3 )
st . gen =
W f xHHV