Chemistry 101

Chapter 7

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Ionic compounds (Salt)

Aqueous solution: solvent is water

 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chemical reactions that occur in water.

In our body reactions occur in the aqueous solution.

 Water in our body

1. About 60% of our body.

2. Most of the reactions occur in aqueous solution.

3. Participates in many biochemical reactions.

4. Transports reactants and products from one place in our

body to another.

5. Eliminates the waste materials from cells and our body (urine).
Why does a chemical reaction occur?

Several driving forces:

1. Formation of a solid

2. Formation of water

3. Transfer of electrons

4. Formation of a gas
Why does a chemical reaction occur?

Several driving forces:

1. Formation of a solid

2. Formation of water

3. Transfer of electrons

4. Formation of a gas
 Formation of a solid

Precipitation reactions

Precipitate

KI + Pb(NO3)2  ?
 Ionic Compounds

When an ionic compound dissolves in water, ions are produced.

Each ion is surrounded by water molecules.

Ions Hydrated by H2O
Hydration
 Ionic Compounds

1. Soluble solid: it completely dissolves in water (ions are formed).

2. Slightly soluble solid: it partially dissolves in water.

3. Insoluble solid: it does not dissociate in water (almost).

• Note: the terms insoluble and slightly soluble mean

such a miniscule amount dissolves that you can’t see
any decrease in the amount of solid present.
Solubility Rules
Memorize
these
RULES!

Soluble

Insoluble

Preceding rules trump following rules.

 Solubility Rules

• Another way of showing the same rules.

 Electrolytes
bulb

Cl- Na+ Electrolyte: conducts an electric current.

electrolyte

+ - Ionization (Dissociation)
NaCl → Na+ + Cl-

strong electrolytes: molecules dissociate completely into ions (NaCl).

weak electrolytes: molecules dissociate partially into ions (CH3COOH).

nonelectrolytes: molecules do not dissociate into ions (DI water).

 Formation of a solid

Precipitation reactions

Precipitate

KI + Pb(NO3)2  ?
 Aqueous Solution (ionic compounds)

aqueous solution: solvent is water

H2O Dissociation
KI(s) K+(aq) + I-(aq) KI
(Ionization)

K+ I-

H2O Pb(NO3)2
Pb(NO3)2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Pb2+ NO3-
NO3-
 Aqueous Solution (ionic compounds)

sometimes the ions react with each other.

Positive ions will interact with negative ions.

KI Pb(NO3)2

K+
I- Pb2+
NO3-

Sometimes they stick together to form a solid (precipitate).

2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Molecular equation: 2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Complete
Ionic equation: 2K+(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

2K+(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Spectator ions

Net ionic equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq)  PbI2(s)

total charge on left side = total charge on right side

balanced equation

2As3+(aq) + 3s2-(aq)  As2S3(s)

 Example

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  ?

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  PbSO4(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Balance it:

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  PbSO4(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + 2 Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq)  PbSO4(s) + 2 Na+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq)

Complete ionic equation

 Example

Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + 2 Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq)  PbSO4(s) + 2 Na+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq)

• The ions that do not react are called

spectator ions.

Net ionic equation: Pb2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)  PbSO4(s)

 Practice

1. Molecular equation

3 KOH(aq) + Fe(NO3)3(aq)  ?

2. Balancing

3. Complete ionic equation

4. Net ionic equation

Why does a chemical reaction occur?

Several driving forces:

1. Formation of a solid

2. Formation of water

3. Transfer of electrons

4. Formation of a gas
 Acids and Bases
Acids: sour

Bases: bitter or salty

 Acids and Bases
Arrhenius definition:

Acid: produces H3O+ (H+) in water.

CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

H3O+ (Hydronium ion): H+(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq)

Base: produces OH- in water.

H2O
NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

 Acids and Bases

Weak acid and base: it is partially ionized in aqueous solution.

produces less H+ and OH-

CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Strong acid and base: it is completely ionized in aqueous solution.

produces more H+ and OH-

HCl(aq) + H2O(l) Cl-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

NaOH(aq) + H2O(l) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

 Acid-Base Reactions

Neutralization

Strong acid + Strong base → Salt + H2O

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) +  Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)

The only chemical change is the formation of water.

Why does a chemical reaction occur?

Several driving forces:

1. Formation of a solid

2. Formation of water

3. Transfer of electrons

4. Formation of a gas
Oxidation and Reduction reactions (redox)

e-

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)

Na → Na+ + e-

Cl + e- → Cl-
 Oxidation and Reduction reactions (redox)

oxidation: it is the loss of electrons.

Na → Na+ + e-

reduction: it is the gain of electrons.

Cl + e- → Cl-

Remember – LEO says GER.

Loss of Electrons is Oxidation
Gain of Electrons is Reduction.
 Oxidation and Reduction reactions (redox)

Metal + Nonmetal : Transfer of electrons

Oxidation and Reduction reactions (redox)

Oxidation and reduction always occur together.

(The lost e- must go somewhere!)
 Oxidation and Reduction reactions (redox)

oxidation: it is the loss of electrons.

reduction: it is the gain of electrons.

Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) redox reaction

Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Zn is oxidized (reducing agent)

Cu2+(aq) + 2e-  Cu(s) Cu2+ is reduced (oxidizing agent)

 Oxidation and Reduction reactions (redox)

oxidation: is the gain of oxygen / loss of hydrogen.

reduction: is the loss of oxygen / gain of hydrogen.

CH4(s) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) redox reaction

C gains O and loses H O gains H

is oxidized Is reduced
(reducing agent) (oxidizing agent)

single replacement reaction and combustion reactions  redox reactions

double replacement reactions  non redox

 Oxidation and Reduction reactions (redox)

Example 2:

• 2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s)  2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

is oxidized is reduced

• Called the Thermite reaction.

• Let’s just say it’s vigorous!
 Oxidation and Reduction reactions (redox)

Example 3:

Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq)  2 Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)

is oxidized is reduced
 Oxidation and Reduction reactions (redox)

Example 4:

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)

Zn(s) + 2 H+(aq)  H2(g) + Zn2+(aq)

is oxidized is reduced

Note: this reaction also shows the fourth driving force of a

reaction, namely, the formation of a gas.
 Oxidation and Reduction reactions (redox)

Practice:

2 Mg(s) + O2(g)  2 MgO(s)

 Classification of chemical reactions

Chemical reactions

Precipitation Oxidation-Reduction Acid-Base

Reactions Reactions Reactions

Combustions Synthesis (combination) Decomposition (Analysis)

Reactions Reactions Reactions
(Reactants are elements.) (Products are elements.)