By :

Alvita Theresia Samosir

16 TENSES Hafshah
Haerun Nissa Siregar
KK Noveriansyah
SIMPLE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Rumus Simple Present Tense Contoh Simple Present Tense

kalimat positif (+): She likes eating out

S + verb-1/be (am/is/are) The children are naughty.
kalimat negatif (-): She doesn’t like eating out
•S + auxiliary (do/does) + not + bare infinitive
•S + be (am/is/are) + not The children aren’t naughty

kalimat interogatif (?): Does she like eating out

•do/does + S + bare infinitive
•be (am/is/are) + S Are the children naughty

untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, atau

kejadian yang terjadi pada saat ini. Bentuk
Fungsi
kata kerja ini paling sering digunakan
dalam bahasa Inggris.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Rumus Simple Past Tense
kalimat positif (+)
•S + Verb-2 (past tense)
•S + be (was/were)
kalimat negatif (-)
•S + did + not + bare infinitive
•S + be (was/were) + not
kalimat interogatif (?)
•did + S + bare infinitive
•be (was/were) + S
Fungsi
Contoh Simple Past Tense
The teacher came
I was a stamp collector
The teacher didn’t come
I wasn’t a stamp collector
Did the teacher come
Was I a stamp collector
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian
terjadi di masa lampau.
SIMPLE FUTURE
Rumus Simple Future Tense Contoh Kalimat Simple Future Tense

He will win.
kalimat positif (+) (Dia akan menang.)
•S + will + bare infinitive
•S + be (am/is/are) going to + bare infinitive They are going to come.
(Mereka akan datang.)
He won’t win.
kalimat negatif (-) (Dia tidak akan menang.)
•S + will + not + bare infinitive
•S + be (am/is/are) + not + going to + bare infinitive They aren’t going to come.
(Mereka tidak akan datang.)

Will he win?
kalimat interogatif (?) (Apakah dia akan menang?)
•Will + S + bare infinitive
•Be (am/is/are) + S + going to + bare infinitive? Are they going to come?
(Apakah mereka akan datang?)

Fungsi untuk membicarakan hal-hal yang akan terjadi.

PAST FUTURE TENSE
Rumus Past Future Tense
kalimat positif (+)
•S + would + bare infinitive
kalimat negatif (-)
•S + would + not + bare infinitive
kalimat interogatif (?)
•Would + S + bare infinitive
Fungsi
Contoh Kalimat Past Future Tense
He would forgive you.
(Dia akan memaafkanmu.)
He wouldn’t forgive you.
(Dia tidak akan memaafkanmu.)
Would he forgive you?
(Apakah dia akan memaafkanmu?)
untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan,
membuat prediksi, dan membuat janji di masa
depan pada saat berada dimasa lalu.
CONTINUOUS
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus Present Continuous Tense Contoh Present Continuous Tense

The ships are sailing.

kalimat positif (+) (Kapal-kapal itu sedang berlayar.)
S + be (am/is/are) + present participle (-ing) He is smiling.
(Dia sedang tersenyum.)
The ships are not sailing.
kalimat negatif (-) (Kapal-kapal itu tidak sedang berlayar.)
S + be (am/is/are) + not + present participle (-ing) He is not smiling.
(Dia tidak sedang tersenyum.)

Are the ships sailing?

kalimat interogatif (?) (Apakah kapal-kapal itu sedang berlayar?)
be (am/is/are) + S + present participle (-ing)? Is he smiling?
(Apakah dia sedang tersenyum?)
adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aksi
Fungsi yang sedang berlangsung sekarang (present) atau rencana di masa
depan (future).
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus Past Continuous Tense Contoh Past Continuous Tense

kalimat positif (+): He was sleeping

S + be (was/were) + present participle (-ing) The people were waiting
kalimat negatif (-): He wasn’t sleeping
S + be (was/were) + not + present participle (-
ing) The people weren’t waiting

kalimat interogatif (?): Was he sleeping

be (was/were) + S + present participle (-ing)? Were the people waiting
untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi
Fungsi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa
lampau.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus Future Continuous Tense Contoh Future Continuous Tense

kalimat positif (+): He will be sleeping

S + will be + present participle (-ing) You and I will be walking

kalimat negatif (-): He will not be sleeping

S + will + not + be + present participle (-ing) You and I won’t be walking

kalimat interogatif (?): Will he be sleeping

Will + S + be + present participle (-ing) Will you and I be walking
Untuk menyatakan aksi yang akan sedang terjadi
Fungsi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan. Aksi tersebut
telah dimulai tapi belum selesai pada saat itu.
PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus Contoh Past Future Continuous Tense

kalimat positif (+): He would be working

S + would be + present participle (-ing) We would be studying

kalimat negatif (-): He wouldn’t be working

S + would + not + be + present participle (-ing) We wouldn’t be studying

kalimat interogatif (?): Would he be working

would + S + be + present participle (-ing) Would we be studying
Untuk menyatakan aksi atau situasi imajiner yang
sedang berlangsung apabila unreal condition-nya
Fungsi
terpenuhi (present continuous conditional
~ conditional tenses 2 dengan continuous tense).
PERFECT
FUNGSI TENSES PRESENT PERFECT
1. Menunjukkan suatu pengalaman
I think I have seen the movie before
2. Menunjukkan suatu perubahan
Your English has really improved since You studied at America
3. Menunjukkan suatu pencapaian
My Daughter has learned how to read
4. Menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang belum selesai
I’m so worry, my boy has still not arrived from school.
5. Menunjukkan beberapa kejadian dalam waktu yang berbeda
I have seen several doctor for my illness
Bentuk Rumus Present Perfect Tense Contoh Kalimat

· I/You/We/They · They have lived in Jakarta for a long

Positif
+ have + verb 3 time
(+)
· He/She/It + has + verb 3 · He has learned English for one year

· I/You/We/They · They have not lived in Jakarta for a

Negatif + have + not + verb 3 long time
(-) · He/She/It + has + not + · He has not learned English for one
verb 3 year

· Have + I/You/We/They
· Have they lived in Jakarta for a long
Interogatif + verb 3?
time?
(?) · Has + He/She/It + verb
· Has he learned English for one year?
3?
 Time Expression
•already (sudah)
•just (baru saja)
•recently, lately (belum lama ini)
•ever (pernah)
•yet (masih)
•for + period of time up to present: for an
hour (selama satu jam), for three
days(selama tiga hari), for two
weeks (selama dua minggu), for a long
time (selama waktu yang lama), for many
years (selama bertahun-tahun)
•since + starting time: since
yesterday(sejak kemarin), since 7
am (sejak jam 7 pagi), since
February (sejak Februari), since we first
met (sejak kita pertama bertemu), since I
moved here(sejak saya pindah kesini)
Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Tense
We haven’t seen Dimas recently.
(Kamu belum melihat Dimas lagi.)
Have you ever been to Scotland?
(Apakah kamu pernah ke Skotlandia?)
Adam hasn’t received the document yet.
(Adam masih belum menerima dokumen
tersebut.)
We haven’t seen Dimas for two weeks.
(Kamu tidak melihat Dimas selama dua
minggu.)
It hasn’t rained since February.
(Belum turun hujan sejak Februari.)
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Rumus Past Perfect Tense Contoh Past Perfect Tense

My brother had slept

kalimat positif (+):
S + had + past participle (V-3)
They had come

My brother hadn’t slept

kalimat negatif (-):
S + had + not + past participle (V-3)
They hadn’t come

Had my brother slept

kalimat interogatif (?):
had + S + past participle (V-3)
Had they come
No Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense untuk mengekspresikan aksi di masa lampau yang telah selesai terjadi sebelum past event lainnya. Subordinate
conjunction yang dapat digunakan antara lain:
•after (simple past tense + after + past perfect tense)
•before, by the time, when (past perfect tense + before / by the time / when + simple past tense)
Selain subordinate conjunction, dapat juga digunakan preposition prior to dan before(sebelum) yang merupakan sinonim.
When he came last night, the cake had run out.
1 (Ketika dia datang semalam, kue sudah habis.)
The student had gotten a verbal warning before his parents were called.
(Siswa tersebut telah mendapat peringatan verbal sebelum orangtuanya ditelepon.)
I had already eaten breakfast by the time he picked me up.
(Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.)
Prior to the proclamation, Indonesia had been colonized by Japan for 3 years.
(Sebelum proklamasi, Indonesia telah dijajah Jepang selama 3 tahun.)

Past perfect tense untuk menunjukkan seberapa sering sesuatu terjadi di masa lampau. Time expression (keterangan waktu) yang sering
digunakan yaitu frasa adverbial of number. Berikut beberapa contohnya.
•twice / two times / three times + before + simple past tense / participle (phrase): twice before getting married (dua kali sebelum menikah),
two times before they got married (dua kali sebelum mereka menikah), three times before I read his review (tiga kali sebelum saya membaca
tinjauannya)
•every day / every two days / every other day until 2012 (setiap hari / setiap dua hari sampai tahun 2012)
•every summer until 2000 (setiap musim panas hingga tahun 2000)
2
I had read the book three times before I read his review.
(Saya telah membaca buku itu tiga kali sebelum saya membaca ulasannya.)
They had met twice before married.
(Mereka bertemu dua kali sebelum menikah.)
Yulia had been to the gym every two days until 2012.
(Yulia telah pergi ke gym setiap dua hari sampai tahun 2012.)
 Past perfect tense digunakan pada reported speech setelah verb
•said
•told
•asked
•thought
•wondered
3

He said that he had listened carefully the instruction.

(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah mendengarkan instruksi dengan penuh perhatian.)

I thought he had changed to be better man.

(Saya pikir dia telah berubah menjadi pria yang lebih baik.)

Past perfect tense untuk mengekspresikan harapan atau impian yang tidak kesampaian melalui conditional sentence tipe 3.
Rumus conditional sentence tipe 3:
if + past perfect tense + would/should/could/might + have + past participle

4 If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
(Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya akan hadir di pestamu.)

Rina would been the same level with me if she had studied harder.
(Rina akan berasa pada level yang sama dengan saya jika dia belajar lebih keras.)
FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
Rumus Future Perfect Tense Contoh Future Perfect Tense

The students will have come

kalimat positif (+):
S + will + have + past participle (verb-3)
Meri will have eaten

The students will not have come

kalimat negatif (-):
S + will + not + have + past participle (verb-3)
Meri won’t have eaten

Will the students have come

kalimat interogatif (?):
will + S + have + past participle (verb-3)
Will Meri have eaten
No Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect tense untuk mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas yang akan sudah selesai atau terjadi sebelum aktivitas lain dilakukan di masa
depan. Subordinate conjunction yang dapat digunakan sebagai time expression (keterangan waktu) antara lain:
•before, when (future perfect tense + before/when + simple present tense)

1
We will gather on the road at 8. We will have gone when you come at 9.
(Kami akan berkumpul di jalan jam 8. Kami akan telah pergi ketika kamu datang jam 9.)
Before he comes, the table will have been prepared.
(Sebelum dia datang, meja akan telah dipersiapkan.)
[passive future perfect tense]
Future perfect tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi akan telah selesai pada suatu waktu di masa depan. Penanda waktu yang dapat
digunakan antara lain:
•at this time next week/month (pada waktu yang sama pada saat ini di minggu/bulan depan)
•by this time next week/month (selambat-lambatnya waktu yang sama pada saat ini di minggu/bulan depan)
•by next Sunday (tidak melebihi Minggu depan)
•by 9 (tidak melebihi pukul 9)
•tomorrow (besok)
•on the 15th of May (pada tanggal 15 bulan Mei)
•in 3 years time (dalam waktu tiga tahun)
2
At this time next month, I’ll have finished my driving course.
(Bulan depan, saya akan telah menyelesaikan kursus mengemudi.)
By this time next week, we will have lived in this house for 2 years.
(Minggu depan, kita akan telah tinggal di rumah ini selama 2 tahun.)
The mechanic will have repaired my car tomorrow.
(Montir akan telah memperbaiki mobil saya besok.)
On the 15th of May it will have been two months since we met for the first time.
(Tanggal 15 Mei akan menjadi dua bulan sejak kita bertemu pertama kali.)
PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Rumus Past Future Perfect Tense Contoh Past Future Perfect Tense

She would have worked

kalimat positif (+):
S + would/should/could/may/might/must + have +
past participle (verb-3) They would have been

She wouldn’t have worked

kalimat negatif (-):
S + would/should/could/may/might/must + not +
have + past participle (verb-3) They wouldn’t have been

kalimat interogatif (?): Would she have worked

would/should/could/may/might/must + S + have +
past participle (verb-3) Would they have been
 No Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Past Future Perfect Tense
Past future perfect tense (would) digunakan pada conditional sentence type 3 (kalimat pengandaian) untuk
membicarakan sesuatu yang tidak terjadi.
1
If you had saved your jewelry and foreign currency in a safety deposit box, they wouldn’t have gone.
(Jika kamu telah menyimpan perhiasan dan mata uang asingmu di safety deposit box, mereka tidak akan hilang.)

Past future perfect tense (should) digunakan ketika ingin membicarakan past event yang tidak terjadi tetapi
seharusnya terjadi.
2
You should have received your refund by now.
(Kamu seharusnya sudah menerima pengembalian dana.)
Past future perfect tense (could) untuk membicarakan hal yang dapat dilakukan di masa lalu namun tidak
dilakukan atau tidak berhasil dilakukan.
3 I could have bought that car, but I prefered to save money and wait for the manual version.
(Saya dapat sudah membeli mobil itu, tapi saya pilih untuk menyimpan
uang dan menunggu versi manualnya.)

Past future perfect tense (may/might/could) untuk membicarakan kemungkinan di masa lampau.

4 The traveler looks far from happy. He may have waited for his flight for hours.
(Pelancong itu kelihatan jauh dari bahagia. Dia mungkin telah menunggu
penerbangannya selama berjam-jam.)
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus Present Perfect Continuous Tense Contoh Present Perfect Continuous Tense

She has been driving

kalimat positif (+):
S + have/has + been + -ing/present participle The toddlers have been sleeping

kalimat negatif (-): She has not been driving

S + have/has + not + been + -ing/present
participle The toddlers haven’t been sleeping

Has she been driving

kalimat interogatif (?):
have/has + S + been + -ing/present participle Have the toddlers been sleeping

untuk menyatakan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu

Fungsi titik di masa lalu atau aksi telah dimulai di masa lalu
dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang.
 Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present perfect continuous tense untuk menunjukkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau diikuti
relevansinya dengan kondisi saat ini (present).

The construction labors are thirsty since they have been removing the scaffoldings.
(Pekerja konstruksi haus karena mereka telah memindahkan perancah.)
Mandy feels full as she’s been eating a half of the tart.
(Mandy kenyang karena dia telah memakan separuh kue tart.)

I have been working with my computer all day, and now I want some delicious foods.
(Saya telah bekerja dengan komputer sepanjang hari, dan sekarang saya ingin beberapa makanan lezat.)

Present perfect continuous tense untuk menunjukkan aksi yang baru saja selesai. Biasanya
menggunakan adverb just.
It has just been snowing in Japan.
(Baru saja turun salju di Jepang.)
Present perfect continuous tense untuk menunjukkan aksi yang telah dimulai di masa lampau dan berlanjut sampai
sekarang.
I’ve been driving a car through the rain for an hour.
(Saya telah sedang mengendarai mobil menembus hujan selama satu jam.)
The passangers have been waiting for the next flight since this morning.
(Para penumpang telah menunggu penerbangan berikutnya sejak pagi ini.)
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Rumus Past Perfect Continuous Tense Contoh Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Lia had been walking

kalimat positif (+):
S + had + been + -ing/present participle The labors had been demonstrating

Lia had not been walking

kalimat negatif (-):
S + had + not + been + -ing/present participle The labors hadn’t been demostrating

Had Lia been walking

kalimat interogatif (?):
had + S + been + -ing/present participle Had the labors been demonstrating

untuk mengungkapkan suatu aksi (dengan durasi

Fungsi waktu tertentu) telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu
tertentu di masa lalu.
Past perfect continuous tense untuk mengekspresikan aksi yang panjang di masa lampau sebelum aksi
lainnya terjadi.
When the guests came, we had been waiting for an hour.
(Ketika para tamu datang, kita telah menunggu selama satu jam.)

He had been standing in front of the door for thirthy minutes before it was opened.
(Dia telah berdiri di depan pintu selama tiga puluh menit sebelum dibukakan.)

Past perfect continuous tense untuk memberitahukan berapa lama sesuatu terjadi (period of time) atau
sampai waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

She was annoyed since she had been waiting for 2 hours on the bus station.
(Dia kesal karena telah menunggu selama 2 jam di halte bus.)

By the time the teacher came, the students had been reading a half part of the text.
(Pada waktu guru datang, para siswa telah membaca separuh bagian dari teks.)

I had been working with my computer all day, and all I wanted to do was eat some chocolate.
(Saya telah bekerja dengan komputer sepanjang hari, dan yang ingin saya lakukan adalah makan coklat.)
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus Future Perfect Continuous Tense Contoh Future Perfect Continuous Tense

They will have been playing

kalimat positif (+):
S + will + have been + -ing/present participle
The cat will have been sleeping long.

kalimat negatif (-): They will not have been playing

S + will + not + have been + -ing/present
participle The cat won’t have been sleeping

Will they have been playing

kalimat interogatif (+):
will + S + have been + -ing/present participle
Will the cat have been sleeping
untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi akan
Fungsi sudah berlangsung selama sekian lama pada titik
waktu tertentu di masa depan.
 Contoh Kalimat Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk membicarakan tentang aksi yang panjang sebelum titik
waktu tertentu di masa depan.
Signals:
For + duration (a month, a year, a week) dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan durasi aksi yang panjang,
sedangkan by the end of … (next month, next week, next year), when + clause (you arrive), before +
clause/noun (midnight, he comes) untuk membicarakan aksi di masa depan yang terjadi ketika aksi future
perfect continuous tense telah terjadi beberapa lama.

He will have been studying in Cairo for a year by the end of next month.
(Dia akan telah belajar di Kairo selama setahun pada akhir bulan depan.)

Andra will have been waiting for three months when the corn is ready to harvest.
(Andra akan telah menunggu selama tiga bulan ketika jagung siap panen.)

Will you have been writing the report before the branch manager observes?
(Kamu akan telah menulis laporan sebelum manager cabang meninjau?)
PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Contoh Past Future Perfect Continuous
Rumus
Tense
kalimat positif (+): I/you/she/he/it would have been driving
S + would + have + been + present participle
(-ing) They/we would have been working
kalimat negatif (-): I/you/she/he/it would not have been driving
S + would + not + have + been + present
participle (-ing) They/we would not have been working
kalimat interogatif (?): Would I/you/she/he/it have been driving
Would + S + have + been + present participle
(-ing) Would they/we have been working
untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi imajiner
Fungsi sedang berlangsung pada titik tertentu atau
selama periode tertentu di masa lampau.
 Contoh Kalimat Past Future Perfect
Fact
Continuous Tense

If his Visa had been approved, he would have

been working abroad for a week. but his Visa wasn’t approved (tapi Visa-nya tidak
(Jika visa dia telah disetujui, dia akan telah disetujui)
bekerja selama seminggu.)

If we had set the tanks in a proper way, the

water would have been flowing out of tank X
into tank Y at a constant rate.
(Jika kita telah mengatur tank-tank tersebut but we didn’t set them in a proper way
dengan cara yan benar, air akan telah mengalir
dari tangki X ke dalam tangki Y dengan laju
konstan.)

Nisa and her family would have been living at

their new house if its construction had finished.
but its construction didn’t finish (tapi konstruksinya tidak
(Nisa dan keluargaya akan telah menempati
selesai)
rumah baru mereka jika konstruksinya sudah
selesai.)
PASSIVE VOICE
CONTOH SOAL TOEFL TENSES
CONTOH SOAL TOEFL TENSES-1
It is said that United States literature ____ individuality
and identity in the twentieth century, after long imitation of
European models.
A. was achieved
B. to achieve
C. achieved
D. Achieving
JAWABAN CONTOH SOAL TOEFL TENSES-1
It is said that United States literature ____ individuality and identity in the
twentieth century, after long imitation of European models.

1 verb, 1 conjunction.
Seharusnya kalimat tersebut membutuhkan 1 verb lagi.
karena semua pilihan adalah verb, lihat artinya, mencapai atau
dicapai atau tercapai. Karena yang menjadi subjek adalah US
literature, oleh karenanya jawaban yang benar adalah C.
achieved  mencapai (v2)
CONTOH SOAL TOEFL TENSES-2
Experiments in the photography of moving objects ___ in both the United States and
Europe well before 1990.
A. have been conducting
B. were conducting
C. had been conducted
D. being conducted
JAWABAN CONTOH SOAL TOEFL TENSES-2
Lihat struktur kalimatnya, kalimat tsb merupakan kalimat passive. Oleh karenanya,
jawaban yang tepat adalah C. had been conducted
CONTOH SOAL TOEFL TENSES-3
The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged ___ to produce the desire blend
of sounds from the various musical sections.
a. The conductor of
b. From the conductor
c. The conductor and
d. By the conductor