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Highlights

Articles 12-15
(Social Justice Issues)
By Prof. Jet Castillo
The 1987 Constitution

MAJOR Articles MISCELLANEOUS


Articles
Articles 1- 8
 State Policies Articles 9-18
 Rights  Accountability Issues
 Branches of Govt  Social Justice Issues
 Change Issues
Social Justice

 Fairness in society
Article 12
National Economy & Patrimony

 Adoption of Filipino-First Policy


 Filipino businesses shall not be
disadvantaged over foreign businesses
 Maximum allowed is 60-40
(60% Filipino - 40% Foreigner)
Article 12
National Economy & Patrimony

 Natural resources are owned by the state


 The President may enter into agreements
with foreign-owned corporations for
large-scale exploration and development
of minerals including petroleum.
Article 12
National Economy & Patrimony

 National Parks
 Shall be conserved, logging ban may be
prescribed
 Ancestral lands of indigenous cultural
communities must be respected and
protected
Article 12
National Economy & Patrimony

 The practice of all professions shall be


limited to Filipino citizens
Article 13
Social Justice & Human Rights

Social Justice – equality of opportunity in


all fields of human endeavor.
Fields

 LABOR
- the state shall protect laborers, local
and abroad.
- promote full employment
 PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATIONS
- encourage establishments of People’s
Orgs and Non-Government Orgs (NGOs)
Fields

 AGRARIAN REFORM
- tenants shall own lands
 URBAN LAND REFORM
- resettlement of squatters and homeless
citizens in the cities.
Fields

 HEALTH
- promotion and protection of the right to
health
 WOMEN
- protect working women by providing
safe working conditions and maternity
benefits.
Article 14
Educ, S&T, Culture & Sports
 The highest budgetary priority is
EDUCATION
 During the Marcos administration, the
department with the highest budgetary
allocation was the MILITARY.
 Free education up to high school
 Now up to College
Article 14
Educ, S&T, Culture & Sports
 All schools should have a course on the
Philippine Constitution (section 3)
 Filipino is our national language, and it
must be cultivated and promoted.
 The state shall protect inventors,
scientists, national artists, and national
athletes.
Article 15
The Family
 The Filipino Family
- foundation of the nation
 Divorce is not mentioned, but it is
discouraged
 What we have in the Philippines is
annulment
Article 15
The Family
 Annulment versus Divorce
 Divorce means “the marriage was
established by a wedding ceremony, and
we are now quitting it.”
 Annulment means “there was no
marriage established in the first place,
because the wedding ceremony was null
and void.”
Article 15
The Family
 Grounds for annulment:
 The priest/pastor/minister has no license
or has an expired license.
 One or both of the contracting parties
(man and woman) faked their
documents.
 One or both of the contracting parties
was drunk during the wedding.
Article 15
The Family
 Grounds for annulment:
 They got married in a church wherein
they are not members.
 Shot gun marriage
 One of the contracting parties is mentally
or psychologically incapacitated.
 Note: there should be no connivance
Article 15
The Family
 Grounds for divorce (in other countries):
 Irreconcilable personal differences (most
simple reason)

 THUS: It is easier to get a divorce than


an annulment.
 Debate: Is a divorce law good for the
Filipino families?
Article 15
The Family
 Another debatable issue:
 Same Sex Marriage
 We don’t have this in the Philippines, but
some lawmakers are thinking of
proposing it.

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