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INTRODUCTION & BRANCHES OF

ZOOGEOGRAPHY

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Biogeography
 History
 Types of biogeography
 Branches
•Phytogeography
• Zoogeography
Branches of Zoogeography
 References

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BIOGEOGRAPHY

“Biogeography is the study of the


distribution of plants and animals on the
Earth in both space and time”

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• Biogeography is important as a branch of
geography because it sheds light on the
natural habitats around the world.
• It is also essential in understanding why
species are in their present locations and in
developing as well as protecting the
world's natural habitats.
• It aims to reveal where organisms live, and
at what abundance.

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• Major biogeographical regions; Nearctic, Neotropical,
Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, and Oceanic.
• The Antarctic is sometimes also included as a zone.
• The Nearctic and Palearctic is referred to together as the
Holarctic.

http://www.chrysis.net/methocha/img/World_distribution.gif 5
HISTORY OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

The study of biogeography gained popularity with


the work of Alfred Russell Wallace in the mid-to-
late 19th Century.
Wallace, originally from England, was a naturalist,
explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist.
He first extensively studied the Amazon River and
then the Malay Archipelago (the islands located
between the mainland of Southeast Asia and
Australia).

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Location_Malay_Archipelago.png

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/the-amazon-river0.gif
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http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/darwin/images/grea-03-
l.jpg

During his time there, he examined the flora and fauna and
came up with the Wallace Line - a line that divides Indonesia apart and
the distribution of the animals found there 8
Those closer to Asia were said to be more related
to Asian animals while those close to Australia
were more related to the Australian animals.
Because of his extensive early research, Wallace is
often called the "Father of Biogeography."

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TYPES OF BIOGEOGRAPHY
There are three types

• Historical biogeography,
• Ecological biogeography,
• Conservation biogeography.

Each field, however, looks at phytogeography


(the past and present distribution of plants) and
zoogeography (the past and present distribution
of animals).

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PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

“Phytogeography, also called geobotany, is


the branch of biogeography that is
concerned with the geographic
distribution of plant species, or more
generally, plants”.

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ZOOGEOGRAPHY

“Zoogeography is the branch of the science


of biogeography that is concerned with
the geographic distribution of animal
species and their attributes”.

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1 HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY
It is also called paleobiogeography and studies the
past distributions of species. It looks at their
evolutionary history and things like past climate
change to determine why a certain species may
have developed in a particular area.
For example, the historical approach would say
there are more species in the tropics than at high
latitudes because the tropics experienced less
severe climate change during glacial periods.
This led to fewer extinctions and more stable
populations over time.

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2 ECOLOGICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY
It looks at the current factors responsible for
the distribution of plants and animals.
The most common fields of research within
ecological biogeography are
• Climatic variability
• Primary productivity
• Habitat heterogeneity

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Climatic variability
Climatic variability looks at the variation
between daily and annual temperatures.
It is harder to survive in areas with high variation
between day and night and seasonal
temperatures.
Because of this, there are fewer species at high
latitudes because more adaptations are
needed to be able to survive there.
In contrast, the tropics have a steadier climate
with fewer variations in temperature.

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Primary productivity
It looks at the evapotranspiration rates of
plants. Where evapotranspiration is high,
so is plant growth.
Therefore, areas like the tropics that are
warm and moist foster plant transpiration
allowing more plants to grow there.
In high latitudes, it is simply too cold for the
atmosphere to hold enough water vapor
to produce high rates of
evapotranspiration and there are fewer
plants present.
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Habitat heterogeneity

Habitat heterogeneity leads to the presence


of more biodiversity (a greater number of
species present).

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3 CONSERVATION
BIOGEOGRAPHY
It developed, after looking at the various fields
in historic and ecological biogeography.
This is the protection or restoration of nature
and its flora and fauna.

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The field of zoogeography is based upon
five observations and two conclusions.
The observations are as follows.

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OBSERVATIONS;
1. Each species and
higher group of animals
has a discrete
non-random
distribution in
space and time.
(for example,
the gorilla occurs only
in forest areas in
Africa).

http://www.virginmedia.com/images/gorilla_uganda4
31.jpg 20
2. Different geographical regions have an
Assemblage of Distinctive Animals that
coexist (for example, the fauna of Africa,
south of the Sahara with its monkeys,
pigs, and antelopes is totally different
from the fauna of Australia with its
platypuses, kangaroos, and wombats.

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Antelope
http://www.bowhunting.net/artman2/
uploads/1/springbok-1-big.jpg

• Wombat

http://www.libbyhobday.com/wp-content/uploads
/2008/05/wombat-large.jpg

Platypus
http://www.toptenz.net/wp-
content/uploads/2009/07/platypus.jpg
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• 3. These differences (and similarities)
cannot be explained by the amount of
distance between the regions or by the
area of the region alone e.g. the fauna of
Europe and Eastern Asia is strikingly
similar although separated by 6900 miles
(11,500 km) of land, while the faunas of
Borneo and New Guinea are extremely
different although separated by a tenth of
that distance across land and water.

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4. Today Faunas strikingly different

from those found previously
in all geographical regions
(for example, dinosaurs existed over
much of the world in the
Cretaceous).

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http://www.southmont.k12.in.us/NewMarketElementary/Images/dinosaur245x289_000.gif
5. Fauna resembling those found today or their
ancestors previously, occurred sometimes at
sites far distant from their current range (for
example, the subtropical-warm temperate
fauna of Eocene , including many fresh-water
fishes, salamander and turtle groups, is now
restricted to the southeastern United States)

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CONCLUSIONS;
The conclusions are as follows,
• There are recognizable recurrent
patterns of animal distribution
• These patterns represent fauna composed
of species and higher groups that have
evolved through time in association with
one another

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BRANCHES OF ZOOGEOGRAPHY

Zoogeography is often divided into ten


following branches:
• Ecological zoogeography
• Historical Zoogeography
• Faunistics
• Chorology Zoogeography
• Descriptive Zoogeography

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• Casual Zoogeography
• Experimental Zoogeography
• Applied Zoogeography
• Systematic Zoogeography
• Biocoenotic Zoogeography

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1. ECOLOGICAL ZOOGEOGRAPHY

“It investigates the role of present biotic and


abiotic interactions in influencing animal
distributions”

2. HISTORICAL ZOOGEOGRAPHY
“It is concerned with historical reconstruction
of the origin, dispersal, and extinction of
taxa”

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3. FAUNISTICS

“Faunistics is a study of the fauna of some


territory or area”
Baseline faunistics data include records of species
in a given area, times when they are present,
and habitat associations
These data are important for identifying areas
that harbor unique assemblages and
monitoring changes in ecosystems over time

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4. CHOROLOGIC ZOOGEOGRAPHY
Chorology (from Greek, khōros, “ space"; and,
logia-Study) the study of the study of the spatial
distribution of organisms.

5. DESCRIPTIVE ZOOGEOGRAPHY
“It integrates the information on the
historical and current ecology, physiology
and genetics of organisms.”
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6. CASUAL ZOOGEOGRAPHY

“In casual zoogeography we seek the causes that


are or have been operative to bring about the
type of animal distributaries actually found in
the present day.”

7. EXPERIMENTAL ZOOGEOGRAPHY

“It describes the experimental procedures that


have been used for the study of ecological
aspects, evolution and means of dispersal.”

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8. APPLIED ZOOGEOGRAPHY

“Applied zoogeography deals with the


geographical distribution of both past and
present animals.”
Applications: Includes
• Conservation management
• Economic production
• Environmental assessment
• Sustainable use of resources
• Landscape planning
• Public health.
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SYSTEMATIC ZOOGEOGRAPHY

“It is the biological study of geographical distribution of animals


especially the cause and effects of such distribution.”

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10. BIOCOENOTIC ZOOGEOGRAPHY

“This branch describes all the interacting organisms


living together in a specific habitat or
geographical area, which is limited by the
requirement of more or less association of living
creation in certain area.”

Biotic community, biological community, and


ecological community are more common
synonyms of biocenosis, all of which represent
the same concepts

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