The Integrated Chip

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 Interest
• The IC chip has been the driving force in the
computer race for smaller parts. The most
powerful chip available to the consumer is
the Intel Pentium 4 chip.

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 Logic Levels
• Voltage characteristics of TTL (Transistor-
Transistor Logic) and CMOS ICs
(Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Integrated Circuits) Input
Voltage
TTL Output
Voltage
+5.5V +5.5V
– Logical 0 (Low): Ground-.8V
– Logical 1 (High): 2- 5.5V
High
– Symbol: High Typical 3.5V

TTL 2.4V
2V
Undefined Undefined

.8V
.4V
Low Typical .1V Low
GND GND
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 Logic Levels Continued
• Voltage characteristics of CMOS logic families.
• 4000 and 74C00 series.
– Logical 0 (Low): Ground-.5V
Output
– Logical 1 (High): 7-10V
Input CMOS
Voltage Voltage
+10V +10V
9.5V High

– Symbol: High
7V
CMOS

– Advantages: Undefined
Undefined

1. Low power
3V
requirements
Low
2. Good noise immunity .5V
GND Low
4 GND
CENT-113 Digital Electronics
 Noise
• Noise immunity (noise margin): Circuits
insensitivity or resistance to undesired voltages
or noise.
• Noise
Input
margin comparison:
Output
TTLInput
vs. CMOS
TTL Output
CMOS
Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage
+10V +10V +5.5V +5.5V
9.5V High

High Noise Margin (1.5V)

7V

High Typical 3.5V

High

Undefined
Undefined

2.4V
Noise Margin (.4V)
2V
3V
Undefined Undefined

Low Noise Margin (1.5V) .8VNoise Margin (.4V)

.4V
.5V Low Typical .1V Low
GND Low GND
5 GND GND
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 Noise
• In a digital circuit, noise is unwanted voltages.
• In actual practice, the noise is greater because the
voltage must be increased to the switching
threshold.
• Switching actually occurs in the undefined
region. Varies widely by manufacturer,
temperature and quality of chip.

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 Other Digital IC Specifications
• Drive capacities:
– IC fan out: The # of inputs that be driven off a gates
output. (i.e. 1 output can drive 10 inputs)
• TTL ICs: 10
• Low Power Schottkty TTL: 20
• 4000 series CMOS: 50
– IC fan in (input loading characteristics): Load
represented by a single gate. Each IC family different.
– Propagation delay: Slight delay between the time the
input changes and the time the output changes.
– Power dissipation: As propagation delay decreases
(increased speed), the power consumption and heat
7
generation increases.
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 MOS ICs
• Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
is a primary component in MOS ICs.
– Metal Oxides: SMOCN: Strontium, Manganese,
Oxides, Cobalt, Nickel
• Advantages: Smaller, consume less power, better noise
margin and higher fan-out.
• Disadvantages: Lack of speed.
– MOS devices use less space, have more function per
chip then bipolar ICs (TTL).
• PMOS (P channel MOS)
• NMOS (N channel MOS): Newer & faster.
– Examples: Microprocessors, memory & clock chips

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 CMOS ICs
• Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS)
– Advantages: Low power consumption, low cost,
simple design, low heat dissipation, good fan-out,
wide logic swings, and good noise margin
performance, operate on wide range of voltages.
– Disadvantages: slower then bipolar ICs (TTL), more
susceptible to ESD
– FACT CMOS ICs more tolerant of ESD.
– Ideal for battery operated portable devices because of
low power consumption. (i.e. wristwatches & laptops)
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 Prevent ESD in CMOS ICs
1. Use conductive foam to store ICs
2. Ground solder iron tip
3. Remove IC with power off.
4. Ensure input signals do not exceed power
supply voltages.
5. Turn off input signals before circuit power is
turned off.
6. Connect all unused input leads to + power
supply or ground as appropriate.

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 CMOS IC schematic
+VDD(VCC)
Acts as an inverter Drain Supply

Enhancement Mode
On Off
P-channel MOSFET

Vin Vout
Low High High Low
Enhancement Mode
N-channel MOSFET Off On

Ground
-V Source Supply
SS

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 CMOS ICs
• Operate on 5,6, 8, or 12 volt power supplies.
• 4000 series is the oldest & widest used:
– Possible to produce transmission gates or bilateral
switches. (No equivalent in TTL families)
• 74C00 series pin for pin same as 7400 series
– C=CMOS
– 74C00 & 7400 are both quad 2-input NAND gates.
• 74HC00 high speed and good drive series chips
are designed to replace 74C00 & 4000 series
– Operates on 2 & 6 volt power supplies.
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 CMOS ICs
• FACT (Farfield Advanced CMOS Technology)
– Subfamilies: 74AC00, 74ACQ00, 74ACT00,
74ACTQ00, 74FCT00, 74FCTA00
– Pin for pin same as 7400 series TTL ICs
– Best overall logic family
– Low power consumption
– Outstanding noise immunity, output drive
capabilities, resistance to static charge, and
propagation delays.

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 Questions
• Q. What does FET stand for?
• A. Field Effect Transistor.
• Q. What does Bipolar technology mean?
• A. It means devices with simple junctions and
layers.

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Interfacing TTL & CMOS with switches
Active Low Switches Active High Switches
+5V +5V
Input Input
Output Output
TTL TTL
Shut-Low High Pull-down
Open-Float Not Resister
330Ω
High Dependable
0V 0V
Pull-up +5V
+5V
Resister
Input
10KΩ Output
Input CMOS
Output Pull-down
TTL
Resister
Shut-Low High 100KΩ
Open-Float Dependable
0V
High
0V

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 Switch Debouncing
• Increasing count 1, 2, 3 instead of by several
pulses. Makes counter work properly.
• The Decade counter will count each high-low
cycle of the switch.+5 VDC
TTL
Decade
Counter Output
TTL Debouncing CKT
Input
CLK

Cross-coupled NAND gates: RS Flip-Flop or Latch

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 Switch Debouncing CMOS
• A Schmitt trigger can change a slow rising signal (i.e.
Sine Wave) into a square wave. The 40106 CMOS IC is
a Schmitt trigger inverter using “snap action when
changing to either high or low.
+5 VDC +5 VDC

100KΩ
CMOS Debouncing CKT Input
Input
74HC00 40106
Output: Output:
4000 series CMOS 4000 series
74HC00 series CMOS .047µF CMOS only
FACT series CMOS
0V

74HC00

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 Interfacing TTL & CMOS with LEDs
• LED max current is 20-30mA at 2V. A LED will
light dimly on 1.7-1.8V & 2mA. At 5V, no
limiting resistors are needed in series with LED.
+5V +10-15V
Output Light=Low
VDD VDD 1KΩ
CMOS Light=High
CMOS
Input CMOS Input CMOS Simple output
VSS VSS
Output indicators, not
for critical use.

Output Output
Input Light=High Input Light=Low
TTL TTL

7404 150Ω 7404 150Ω

+5V

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Interfacing LEDs using a transistor drive
• Improved design, logic probe. +5V
+5V

150Ω 150Ω
Output
Light=Low
LED 1
Light=High LED 2
Red Green
TTL or
CMOS
Input
2N3904 2N3906
NPN PNP
7404 33Ω C 33Ω C

Q1 Q2
B B
E E

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 Interfacing TTL and CMOS ICs

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 Interfacing TTL and CMOS ICs
• TTL & CMOS logic levels (voltages) are different.
Output TTL currents can drive CMOS input. A pull up
resister is used on TTL output that does not fit in the high
range CMOS input.
TTL Output Input
Voltage Voltage CMOS
+5.5V +10V

High
400µA 1µA
7V +5V

Typical 3.5V
High
Pull up
Undefined resister
Vcc 1KΩ VDD
2.4V TTL CMOS
TTL CMOS
Input Output
3V GND
Undefined Vss

Low
.4V
Typical .1V Low 16µA 1µA
GND GND
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 Interfacing TTL and CMOS ICs Cont.
• CMOS ICs cannot drive standard TTL ICs
without special interfacing.
+5V +5V

Pull up
Low resister
Power Vcc 2.2KΩ VDD VDD VCC
LS TTL CMOS CMOS CMOS LS TTL
LP TTL
Input LS TTL CMOS Input
Output Output
GND Vss GND
Vss

+5V +5V

VDD 4050 VCC74HCT34 Vcc

VDD VCC Vcc
CMOS CMOS TTL TTL CMOS
Input CMOS Buffer TTL
Output Input TTL HCT CMOS
Output
Vss Vss GND GND
GND GND

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 Interfacing TTL and CMOS ICs Cont.
• FACT series CMOS ICs can drive TTL, CMOS,
NMOS & PMOS ICs directly.
+5V +5V

Pull up
resister
4.7KΩ

TTL AC AC TTL
FAST FACT Bipolar TTL
HC
AS/ALS HC & HCT
AC
ACQ NMOS
+5V PMOS
FACT

TTL T CMOS
FAST HCT, ACT
AS/ALS FCT, FCTA,
ACTQ
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 Interfacing with Buzzers
• Most logic families do not have the current
capacity to drive a buzzer directly so a transistor
is added.
• Diode protects coil transient voltages.
+5V

D1 Piezo
Buzzer

TTL or 2N3904
FACT NPN
C
2.2KΩ
Input
Q1
B
E

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 Interfacing with Relays
• A relay is an excellent way of isolating logic
families from high voltage circuit.
• Relays have coils, main and auxiliary contacts.
+5V
Relay
N.S.
To Indicating Light
D1
To Control
N.O. Circuit

TTL or 2N3904
FACT NPN
C
2.2KΩ
Input
Q1
B
E

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 Interfacing with Motors
• The logic circuit and DC motor have separate
power supplies. (multiple power sources!).
• Electric motor produces rotary motion.
+5V
Relay
N.S.
To Indicating Light
D1

N.O.

12 VDC
TTL or 2N3904
FACT NPN
C
2.2KΩ
Input
Q1
B
E
DC Motor

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 Interfacing with Solenoids
• The logic circuit and solenoid have separate
power supplies. (multiple power sources!).
• A solenoid produces linier motion. (i.e. opens
valves electrically)
+5V
Relay
N.S.
To Indicating Light
D1

N.O. Solenoid

12 VDC
TTL or 2N3904
FACT NPN
C
Motion
2.2KΩ
Input
Q1
B
E

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 Optoisolators
• Alternative to using relays. Relays are noisy &
can cause voltage spikes. A 4N25 separates 5V
and 12V circuits. Advantage: Inexpensive.
LED Base
Anode
1 6 +5V

LED
Cathode 2 5 Collector Optoisolator
4N25
12 VDC
3 4N25 4 Emitter LED 1
C
2.2KΩ
Q2
B
DC Motor
E

TTL or 2N3904
FACT NPN
C
2.2KΩ
Input
Q1
B
E

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 Interfacing with Stepper Motors
• Stepper motors can rotate to a given position and
also reverse. It can rotate to a fixed angle with
each input signal.
• Servomotors: “Servos” use feedback to ensure
the device rotates and stays at a current angle
position. (i.e. models and toys).
• Degrees in circles/single-step angle = steps per
revolution. (i.e. 3600/ 180 = 20 steps per
revolution.
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 Interfacing with Stepper Motors Cont.
• Motor label ID: 5VDC, 20Ω windings, 2 phase
(bipolar) (L1, L2), 180 steps (each signal rotates
shaft 180.)
L1 Stepper Motors

L1
L2

L2

• Unipolar or four-phase stepper motors use the

EDE1200 IC with external drive transistors or ICs.
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 Stepper Motor Example 1

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 Stepper Motor Example 2
• The filter wheel & focuser are moved by small
stepping motors which are driven by the
Motorola MC3479 IC (Stepper Driver). Pin 9 in
this chip can increment full or half steps.

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 Troubleshooting Simple Logic Circuits
• Use logic probe in TTL or CMOS dependent on
logic family of chips.
• Check power supply pins: Expected High=1
• Check ground pins: Expected Low=0
• Check unique states of each logic gate at pins of
each IC.

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 Conclusion
• Q. What is a device that uses CMOS?
• A. Computer
• Q. What generates noise in chips?
• A. Unwanted voltages.
• Q. What is a circuit that uses a Piezo Buzzer?
• A. DMM, various others
• Q. What is a circuit that uses optoisolators?
• A. Air conditioning, regulation, and purification
circuits, infrared port, etc.
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